    CHIPLIST 8.0 by Aad Offerman, 28-08-95.


                                                       A. Offerman
                                                       Bonnweg 40
                                                       3137NE Vlaardingen
                                                       The Netherlands
                                                       010-4745386


Since there are a lot of questions about the differences between the various
chips used in the IBM PC, IBM PC/XT, IBM PC/AT, IBM PS/2 and compatibles, this
list, containing their CPUs and NPXs, has been compiled for the benefit of
the net community. I hope it can answer some questions.

This list is the result of collecting many snippets of information from
USENET News and data books. Furthermore, various contributors and others have
helped to make this list to what it is today. Thank you all.

Any corrections, additions, or comments are welcome. Please reply by E-mail
to:
  offerman@einstein.et.tudelft.nl

This list is cross-posted about once every month to the following newsgroups:
  comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.chips
  comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.systems
  comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.misc
  comp.ibm.pc.hardware
  comp.sys.ibm.pc.misc
  comp.sys.intel
  comp.answers
  news.answers

The latest version of this list can also be obtained from:
  rtfm.mit.edu  /pub/usenet/news.answers/pc-hardware-faq/chiplist/
  ftp.twi.tudelft.nl  /pub/texts/chiplist/chiplist.asc

A WWW HTML version of the latest chiplist is available at:
  http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/chiplist.html




Contents:


1  Introduction
1.1  Identification
1.2  Packages
1.3  Semiconductor processes
1.4  JEDEC (Joint Electronic Device Engeneering Council)
1.5  Manufacturers
1.5.1  Intel
1.5.2  AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
1.5.3  IBM (International Bussiness Machines)
1.5.4  Chips & Technologies
1.5.5  Cyrix
1.5.6  Texas Instruments
1.5.7  IIT (Integrated Information Technology)
1.5.8  Motorola
1.5.9  Apple
1.5.10  HP
1.5.11  DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)
1.5.12  Renaissance Microsystems Inc.
1.6  Literature

2  CPU (Central Processing Unit)
2.1  Introduction
2.2  Intel i4004 CPU
2.3  Intel i4040 CPU
2.4  Intel i8008 CPU
2.5  Intel i8080/i8080A CPU
2.6  Zilog Z80 CPU
2.7  Intel i8085A/i8085AH CPU
2.8  Intel i8086A/i80C86A CPU, Intel i8088A/i80C88A CPU
2.8.1  Intel i8086A/i80C86A CPU
2.8.2  Intel i8088A/i80C88A CPU
2.9  AMD Am8086/Am80C86 CPU, AMD Am8088/Am80C88 CPU
2.9.1  AMD Am8086/Am80C86 CPU
2.9.2  AMD Am8088/Am80C88 CPU
2.10  Harris HS80C86/883 CPU, Harris HS80C88/883 CPU
2.10.1  Harris HS80C86/883 CPU
2.10.2  Harris HS80C88/883 CPU
2.11  Siemens SAB8086 CPU
2.12  Hitachi H80C88 CPU
2.13  Contemporary CPUs
2.14  Intel i80186/i80C186 CPU, Intel i80188/i80C188 CPU
2.14.1  Intel i80186/i80C186 CPU
2.14.2  Intel i80188/i80C188 CPU
2.15  AMD Am80186/Am80188 CPU
2.15.1  AMD Am80L186 CPU
2.15.2  AMD Am80L188 CPU
2.15.3  AMD Am186EM CPU
2.16  NEC V30/V20 CPU
2.16.1  NEC V30 CPU
2.16.2  NEC V20 CPU
2.17  Siemens SAB80186 CPU, Siemens SAB80188 CPU
2.17.1  Siemens SAB80186 CPU
2.17.2  Siemens SAB80188 CPU
2.18  Intel i80886 CPU
2.19  Intel i80286 CPU
2.20  AMD Am80286/Am80C286 CPU
2.21  Harris 80C286 CPU
2.22  Siemens SAB80286 CPU
2.23  Intel i80386 CPU
2.23.1  Intel i80386/i80386DX CPU
2.23.2  Intel i80386SX CPU
2.23.3  Intel i80386SL CPU
2.23.4  Intel RapidCAD CPU
2.23.5  Intel i80376 microprocessor
2.23.6  Intel i386SX microprocessor
2.23.7  Intel i386CX microprocessor
2.23.8  Intel i386EX microprocessor
2.24  AMD Am386 CPU
2.24.1  AMD Am386DX CPU
2.24.2  AMD Am386DXL CPU
2.24.3  AMD Am386DXLV CPU
2.24.4  AMD Am386SX CPU
2.24.5  AMD Am386SXL CPU
2.24.6  AMD Am386SXLV CPU
2.24.7  AMD Am386DE CPU
2.24.8  AMD Am386SE CPU
2.24.9  AMD Am386EM CPU
2.25  IBM 386 CPU
2.25.1  IBM 386SLC CPU
2.26  Chips & Technologies 386 CPU
2.26.1  Chips & Technologies Super386 38600DX CPU
2.26.2  Chips & Technologies 38605DX CPU
2.26.3  Chips & Technologies 38600SX CPU
2.27  IBM 386/486 hybrid CPU
2.27.1  IBM 486DLC CPU
2.27.2  IBM 486DLC2 CPU
2.27.3  IBM 486SLC CPU
2.27.4  IBM 486SLC2 CPU
2.27.5  IBM 486BLX CPU (Blue Lightning)
2.27.6  IBM 486BLX2 CPU (Blue Lightning)
2.27.7  IBM 486BLX3 CPU (Blue Lightning)
2.28  Cyrix 386/486 hybrid CPU
2.28.1  Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU
2.28.2  Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU
2.28.3  Cyrix Cx486SLC/e CPU
2.28.4  Cyrix Cx486SLC/e-V CPU
2.28.5  Cyrix Cx486DLC / Cx486SLC CPU incompatibilities
2.28.6  Cyrix Cx486DLC2 CPU
2.28.7  Cyrix Cx486SLC2 CPU
2.28.8  Cyrix Cx486DRx CPU
2.28.9  Cyrix Cx486SRx CPU
2.28.10  Cyrix Cx486DRx2 CPU
2.28.11  Cyrix Cx486SRx2 CPU
2.28.12  Cyrix Cx486DRu CPU
2.28.13  Cyrix Cx486SRu CPU
2.28.14  Cyrix Cx486DRu2 CPU
2.28.15  Cyrix Cx486SRu2 CPU
2.29  Texas Instruments 386/486 hybrid CPU
2.29.1  Texas Instruments TI486DLC CPU
2.29.2  Texas Instruments TI486SLC CPU
2.29.3  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-S-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.29.4  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-VS-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.29.5  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-S-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.29.6  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-VS-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.29.7  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-PAF CPU (Potomac)
2.29.8  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-V-PAF CPU (Potomac)
2.29.9  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC2-PAF CPU (Potomac)
2.29.10  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC2-V-PAF CPU (Potomac)
2.29.11  Texas Instruments announcements
2.30  Intel i80486 CPU
2.30.1  Intel i80486DX CPU
2.30.2  Intel i80486SL CPU
2.30.3  Intel i80486DXL CPU
2.30.4  Intel i80486SX CPU
2.30.5  Intel i80486SXL CPU
2.30.6  Intel i80486DX2 P24 CPU
2.30.7  Intel i80486DX4 P24C CPU
2.30.8  Intel i80486SX2 CPU
2.30.9  Intel i80486 CPU announcements
2.31  AMD Am486 CPU
2.31.1  AMD Am486DX CPU
2.31.2  AMD Am486DXL CPU
2.31.3  AMD Am486DXLV CPU
2.31.4  AMD Am486DX2 CPU
2.31.5  AMD Am486DXL2 CPU
2.31.6  AMD Am486DX4 CPU
2.31.7  AMD Am486SX CPU
2.31.8  AMD Am486SXLV CPU
2.31.9  AMD Am486SX2 CPU
2.31.10  AMD Am486 CPU announcements
2.31.11  AMD Am486SE CPU
2.32  IBM 80486 CPU
2.32.1  IBM 80486DX CPU
2.32.2  IBM 80486SX CPU
2.32.3  IBM 80486BLDX2 CPU (Blue Lightning)
2.33  Cyrix Cx486 CPU
2.33.1  Cyrix FasCache Cx486D CPU
2.33.2  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S CPU
2.33.3  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S/e CPU
2.33.4  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S-V CPU
2.33.5  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2 CPU
2.33.6  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2/e CPU
2.33.7  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2-V CPU
2.33.8  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX CPU
2.33.9  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX-V33 CPU
2.33.10  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2 CPU
2.33.11  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V33 CPU
2.33.12  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V CPU
2.33.13  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX4 CPU
2.34  Texas Instruments TI486 CPU
2.34.1  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.34.2  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-V-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.34.3  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.34.4  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-V-GA CPU (Potomac)
2.35 SGS-Thomson ST486 CPU
2.35.1  SGS-Thomson ST486DX2 CPU
2.36  UMC 486 CPU
2.36.1  UMC U5S CPU
2.36.2  UMC U5SD CPU
2.36.3  UMC U5S-VL CPU
2.37  Intel Overdrive CPU for Intel i80486 CPU
2.37.1  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU (ODPR)
2.37.2  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486SX CPU (ODPR)
2.37.3  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU (ODP)
2.37.4  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486SX CPU (ODP)
2.37.5  Intel i80486DX4 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU, Intel i80486DX2 CPU (ODP)
2.37.6  Intel Pentium P24T CPU (ODP)
2.37.7  Intel Pentium P24CT CPU (ODP)
2.38  Cyrix Overdrive CPU
2.39  Intel Pentium CPU
2.39.1  Intel Pentium P5 CPU
2.39.2  Intel Pentium P54C CPU
2.39.3  Intel Pentium P55C CPU
2.40  Intel Overdrive CPU for Intel Pentium CPU
2.40.1  Intel Pentium P54M CPU
2.40.2  Intel Pentium P55CT CPU
2.41  AMD K5 CPU (K86 series)
2.42  Cyrix 586 CPU
2.42.1  Cyrix 5x86 CPU
2.43  NexGen Nx586/Nx587 CPU chipset
2.44  Intel P6 CPU
2.44.1  Intel announcements
2.45  Intel Overdrive CPU
2.45.1  Intel Overdrive P6T CPU
2.46  RISC CPU (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
2.46.1  DEC DECchip-210 CPU
2.46.2  MIPS R4000 CPU
2.46.3  MIPS R4200 CPU
2.46.4  MIPS R4400 CPU
2.46.5  MIPS Orion R4600 CPU
2.46.6  IBM, Motorola PowerPC CPU
2.46.7  Sun Sparc CPU
2.46.8  HP PA CPU (Precision Architecture)
2.47  Motorola CPU
2.47.1  Motorola MC6800 CPU
2.47.2  Motorola MC6802 CPU
2.47.3  Motorola MC68HC11 CPU
2.47.4  Motorola MC6809 CPU
2.47.5  Motorola MC68000 CPU
2.47.6  Motorola MC68008 CPU
2.47.7  Motorola MC68302 CPU
2.47.8  Motorola MC68010 CPU
2.47.9  Motorola MC68340 microprocessor
2.47.10  Motorola MC68020 CPU
2.47.11  Motorola MC68030 CPU
2.47.12  Motorola MC68040 CPU
2.47.13  Motorola MC68LC040 CPU
2.47.14  Motorola MC68040V CPU
2.47.15  Motorola MC68050 CPU
2.47.16  Motorola MC68060 CPU

3  NPX (Numerical Processor eXtension)
3.1 Introduction
3.2  Intel i8087 NPX
3.3  Intel i80287 NPX
3.4  AMD Am80287 NPX
3.4.1  AMD Am80C287 NPX
3.4.2  AMD Am80EC287 NPX
3.5  Cyrix Cx287 NPX
3.6  Intel i80187 NPX
3.7  Intel i80287XL NPX
3.8  Cyrix FasMath Cx82S87 NPX
3.9  IIT IIT-2C87 NPX
3.10  Intel i80387 NPX
3.10.1  Intel i80387 NPX
3.10.2  Intel i80387DX NPX
3.10.3  Intel i80387SX NPX
3.10.4  Intel i80387SL Mobile NPX
3.10.5  Intel i80X87SL Mobile NPX
3.11  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700 NPX
3.11.1  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700DX NPX
3.11.2  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700SX NPX
3.12  Cyrix 80387 NPX
3.12.1  Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX
3.12.2  Cyrix FasMath Cx387+ NPX
3.12.3  Cyrix FasMath EMC87 NPX
3.12.4  Cyrix FasMath 83S87 NPX
3.12.5  Cyrix Cx387DX NPX
3.12.6  Cyrix Cx387SX NPX
3.12.7  Cyrix Cx387 NPX announcements
3.13  IIT IIT-3C87 NPX
3.13.1  IIT IIT-3C87 NPX
3.13.2  IIT IIT-3C87SX NPX
3.13.3  IIT IIT-XC87DLX2 NPX
3.14  ULSI Math*Co 83C87 NPX
3.15  ULSI Math*Co 83S87 NPX
3.16  Weitek Abacus 1167 NPX
3.17  Weitek Abacus 3167 NPX
3.18  RISE 80387 NPX
3.19  Symphony Laboratories 80387 NPX
3.20  Cyrix Cx4C87DLC NPX
3.21  IIT IIT-4C87 NPX
3.21.1  IIT IIT-4C87DLC NPX
3.21.2  IIT IIT-4C87 NPX announcements
3.22  Intel i80487 NPX
3.22.1  Intel i80487SX NPX
3.22.2  Intel i80487 NPX
3.23  Cyrix Cx487S NPX
3.24  Weitek Abacus 4167 NPX

Credits




    1  Introduction

    1.1  Identification

Manufacturer: name and/or logo.
Part number.
Revision number, step level.
~Date: often the week number and the year of manufacturing.

Memory chips: capacity: 64, 256 kbit,
                        1, 4, 16 Mbit,
              speed: 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 150 ns.

Orientation: indicated by a hole or a dot; from this indication the pin
             numbering starts contra clock-wise with number 1.

For microprocessors at boot the chip mask revision number is often left in one
of the control registers.

In the newer SL enhanced Intel i80486 CPUs (if bit 21 in EFLAGS can be
toggled) and the Intel Pentium CPUs a CPUID instruction is available:
  EAX=0: EAX: highest input value recognized by CPUID
         EBX-EDX: vendor ID string: Intel: "GenuineIntel"
                                    AMD: "AuthenticAMD"
                                    Cyrix: "CyrixInstead"
                                    UMC: "UMC UMC UMC"
  EAX=1: EAX: bit 0-3: step level
              bit 4-7: model
              bit 8-11: family: 4: 486,
                                5: Pentium
              bit 12-31: reserved
         EBX-ECX: reserved
         EDX (feature bits): bit 0: on-chip FPU
                             bit 1-6: I/O Breakpoints available
                                      Page Size extensions (single-level page
                                        table with 4 Mbyte pages)
                                      Time Stamp Counter available (RDTSC)
                                      Machine Specific Registers available
                                        (RDMSR/WRMSR)
                             bit 7: Machine Check Exception
                             bit 8: CMPXCHG8B instruction
                             bit 9-31: reserved


    1.2  Packages

DIP (Dual In-line Package): o o o o o o o o

                            o o o o o o o o

CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package): surface mounted.
SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Package): surface mounted, thermally enhanced.

PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).

PGA (Pin Grid Array): o o o o o o o o
                      o o o o o o o o
                      o o         o o
                      o o         o o
                      o o         o o
                      o o         o o
                      o o o o o o o o
                      o o o o o o o o

ZIP (Zigzag In-line Package): o o o o o o o o
                               o o o o o o o o

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): 4116 16 k x 1 (1980),
                                     4164 64 k x 1 (1982),
                                     41256 256 k x 1 (1984),
                                     411000 1 m x 1 (1987, 1988).

SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) (Wang): contains a complete RAM bank.
MAC SIMMs are only 8 bits wide; they don't contain a parity bit.
However, there are Personal Computers around in which the RAM chips for parity
checking are build-in on the motherboard, that need 8 bit SIMMs.

  9-chip SIMM: 9 chips of 1 bit wide
  8-chip SIMM: 8 chips of 1 bit wide (MAC)
  3-chip SIMM: 2 chips of 4 bits wide and 1 chip of 1 bit wide
               3 chips of 3 bits wide
  2-chip SIMM: 2 chips of 4 bits wide (MAC)

If the correct refresh is supplied SIMMs with a different number of chips and
different speed can be used together.

SIP (Single In-line Package): contains a complete RAM bank.

The orientation of SIMMs and SIPs is indicated by a hole. Starting from this
indication the numbering of the pins starts with number 1. Apart from the pins
there is no difference at all between SIMMs and SIPs.

The normal SIMMs and SIPs have 30 pins/pads. There are also 36 pin SIMMs and
SIPs. The extra pins are used for speed detection by the motherboard.

There are also 72 pin SIMMs. These are 32 bits and 4 parity bits wide. 4 pins
are assigned for speed detection. They are mostly used in newer Personal
Computers.
Capacity: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Mwords.

DIMM: 64 bit memory module.


    1.3  Semiconductor processes

RTL (Resistor-Transistor Logic): SSI (Small Scale Integration).

DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic): SSI.

TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) (Texas Instruments, 1965): bipolar,
  SSI, MSI (Medium Scale Integration), LSI (Large Scale Integration).

  7400 series: 0 - 70 C.
  5400 series: -55 - 125 C (military).

  5400, 7400: 10 ns propagation time,
  54L00, 74L00: Low power: higher resistances, less dissipation: longer
                propagation time,
  54H00, 74H00: High power: lower resistances, more dissipation: less
                sensitivity for noise,
  54S00, 74S00: Schottky-clamped: faster switching by using Schottky diodes
                                  to prevent the transistors from saturation,
  54LS00, 74LS00: Low power, Schottky-clamped,
  54AS00, 74AS00: Advanced Schottky: faster switching, less dissipation,
  54ALS00, 74ALS00: Advanced Low power Schottky.

I2L (Integrated Injection Logic) (1972): bipolar,
  LSI, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).

  Vcc: 0.8 V.
  Propagation time: 20 - 50 ns.
  Speed-power: 0.5 pJ.

ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic, Current Mode Logic): bipolar.

  Propagation time: 0.5 - 2 ns.
  Dissipation: 3 - 10 times higher than TTL.

MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor): FET (Field-Effect Transistors).

  Maximum frequency: 25 MHz.

PMOS (Positive-channel MOS): LSI, VLSI.

NMOS (Negative-channel MOS): LSI, VLSI.

  Faster than PMOS.

HMOS (High performance n-channel MOS): LSI, VLSI.

CMOS (Complementary MOS): LSI, VLSI, ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration).

  Better current management combining n- and p-channels.
  Originally slower than NMOS.

CMOS-SOS (Silicon On Sapphire).

  Low capitance.
  100 MHz.

  Developed by military for radiation hardness in space and tactical/strategic
  nuclear warfare environments.

For a long time 0.6 micron geometries were thought to be a limit imposed by
the electron microscopes used for mask alignment, but then the X-ray
lithography was invented...


    1.4  JEDEC (Joint Electronic Device Engeneering Council)

JEDEC was first known for their DIP definitions for memory chips.

JEDEC has suggested a new standard of 3.3 V for all electronic components,
including CPUs. CPUs operating at 3.3 V consume less than 50 % of the power
of their 5 V equivalents. Intel currently uses a manufacturing process with a
resolution of 0.8 micron, but is starting production with a 0.6 micron
process. This produces chips that can only operate reliably at 3.3 V, which
means that all its future CPUs are likely to operate only at this lower
voltage.


    1.5  Manufacturers

    1.5.1  Intel

The company was founded in 1968 by Gordon Moore, currently the chairman, and
the late Bob Noyce. The original name was M & N Electronics, but was changed
to Intel (Integrated Electronics). More information on the history of Intel
can be found at:
  http://web.jf.intel.com:80/about-intel/history/

Intel makes the base models: i8086/i8088, i80286, i80386, i80486, Pentium,
                             i8087, i80287, i80387.
iapx stands for Intel Advanced Processor architecture.

Intel lost its claim to the `386' and `486' trademarks, which is why the
Pentium is not called the `586'.

Currently, Intel is fighting to protect its various patents and its copyright
of the 386 and 486 microcode. The legal situation is complicated by various
license agreements made by Intel in the past.

SMM (System Management Mode) can be used to manage the CPU's power demands.
When a CPU enters SMM it saves its current state in a special memory area,
SMRAM (System Management RAM) and then runs a program, also stored in in
SMRAM, the SMM handler. Static core is necessary.
SMM is implemented in all Intel i...SL CPUs. In June 1993, Intel announced
it was discontinuing its SL range and instead making all its current
processors SL enhanced. Intel has also introduced an Auto Idle state for its
clock doubled CPUs: the internal clock can be dropped down to the external
clock speed while the processor is waiting for data, returning to full speed
as soon as the data arrives.

In February 1994 Intel opened its $750,000,000 costing Fab 10 in Leixlip,
Ireland. There the 0.6 micron CMOS Intel i80486DX4 CPU and Intel Pentium CPU
series are produced. In the future the Intel P6 CPU and Intel P7 CPU series
will be produced here too.
Intel has agreed to invest $7,000,000,000 in Ireland over the next five years.

In June 1994 Intel and Hewlett-Packard agreed to develope a new 64 bit RISC
CPU together (Intel P7 CPU / HP PA9000 CPU). The CPU will be based on the HP
Precision Architecture (PA) and be able to emulate the Intel X86 architecture.
Together the both companies will invest $1,000,000,000 in the development of
the new CPU.

Intel fax-back service: 1-800-628-2283.

Intel WWW server: www.intel.com
Intel FTP site: ftp.intel.com


    1.5.2  AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

AMD holds a second source license which dates back to the 8086. In the early
days mainframe companies had a rule that no chip would be used in a design,
unless it could be bought from at least two companies.

AMD invented a CMOS process that was faster than Intel's and vendors started
using them as a primary source.

DEC will manufacture 486 chips for AMD, increasing AMD's production.

In October 1994 TSMC agreed to produce AMD Am486 CPUs for AMD in its
0.5 micron technology. The production of AMD Am486DX4 CPUs in Taiwan will
start in the third quarter of 1994.

In January 1995 Intel and AMD cancelled all pending lawsuits against
eachother. AMD can keep on using the 386 and 486 microcode, but not those of
the later CPUs.

AMD European Corporate Applications Technical Hot-Line Support:
  euro.tech@amd.com
  euro.lit@amd.com

AMD WWW server: www.amd.com
AMD FTP site: ftp.amd.com


    1.5.3  IBM (International Bussiness Machines)

Jack Kuehler, Armonk.

IBM's licensing arrangements with Intel preclude them from selling their CPUs
directly. They can only sell these CPUs as long as they are sold with a
minimum amount of `added value'.
IBM is not allowed to produce any FPUs.

From September 1993 IBM is manufacturing the Cyrix 486 CPUs in their
0.5 micron CMOS technology. In the future they will also produce the
Cyrix M1 CPU.

IBM WWW server: www.ibm.com


    1.5.4  Chips & Technologies

George Taylor.
Founded in 1984 by Gordon Campbell.

Chips & Technologies has dropped its development of X86 clones.


    1.5.5  Cyrix

Cyrix implemented the chips they wanted to manufacture from the specifications
of the originals (clean room). They had Texas Instruments produce these chips
for them. A certain number is going to Cyrix to be resold, and the rest is
sold by Texas Instruments directly.

From September 1993 IBM is manufacturing the Cyrix 486 CPUs and in the future
they will also produce the Cyrix M1 CPU.
Currently Cyrix has stopped producing any 486 CPUs, awaiting pending
lawsuits.

Cyrix WWW server: www.cyrix.com

Cyrix fax-back service: 1-800-46-CYRIX (1-800-462-9749).


    1.5.6  Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments used to be Cyrix's major producer (SGS-Thomson is the other
one). Recently, Texas Instruments stopped producing chips for Cyrix and now
make their own chips under license from Cyrix. Texas Instruments has rights to
make modifications to these chips.

TI FTP site: ftp.ti.com


    1.5.7  IIT (Integrated Information Technology)


    1.5.8  Motorola

George Fisher.

Motorola WWW server: www.mot.com


    1.5.9  Apple

Michael Spindler.


    1.5.10  HP

HP WWW server: www.hp.com
HP FTP server: ftp.hp.com


    1.5.11  DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)

DEC WWW server: www.dec.com


    1.5.12  Renaissance Microsystems Inc.

Gordon Campbell.

Developping PowerPC clones.


    1.6  Literature

Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Structured Computer Organization (Prentice-Hall)
A.J. van de Goor: Computer Architecture and Design (Addison-Wesley)
William Stallings: Computer Organization and Architecture (MacMillan)
John L. Hennessy & David A. Patterson: Computer Architecture, a Quantitative
  Approach (Morgan Kaufman)
Norbert Juffa: Performance Comparison Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX,
  Cyrix 486DLC (USENET News)
Norbert Juffa: Everything you always wanted to know about math coprocessors
  (USENET News)

CPU Info Center:
  http://infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/

Jaap van Ganswijk: Chip Directory:
  http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/

Intel Secrets: undocumented Intel information:
  http://x86.metronet.com/undoc/UndocumentedIntel.html



    2  CPU (Central Processing Unit)

    2.1  Introduction

The central processing unit (CPU) is the "brain" of the computer. Its function
is to execute programs stored in the main memory by fetching their
instructions, examining them, and then executing them one after another.


    2.2  Intel i4004 CPU

4 bit data bus.
12 bit address bus (multiplexed).

1970.

Technology: PMOS.
Die size: 24 mm2.
2250 transistors.

First microprocessor ever build.


    2.3  Intel i4040 CPU

Intel i4004 CPU with extra features: more instructions,
                                     interrupt support.

4 bit data bus.
12 bit address bus (multiplexed).

1972.

Technology: PMOS.


    2.4  Intel i8008 CPU

8 bit data bus.
16 bit address bus.

April 1972.

Technology: PMOS.
3300 transistors.


    2.5  Intel i8080/i8080A CPU

8 bit data bus.
16 bit address bus.

Intel i8080 CPU: 2 MHz, PMOS.
Intel i8080A-2 CPU: 2.67 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i8080A-1 CPU: 3.125 MHz, NMOS.
Intel iM8080A: military (-55 - 125 C).

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

Intel i8080 CPU: 1973, PMOS, 4500 transistors.
Intel i8080A CPU: 1976, NMOS, 4000 transistors.


    2.6  Zilog Z80 CPU

Intel i8080 CPU upward instruction compatible.

Not Intel i8080 CPU pin compatible (included: clock generator).

2.5 MHz: NMOS.
4 MHz: NMOS.
6 MHz: NMOS.
8 MHz: NMOS.
10 MHz: CMOS.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).


    2.7  Intel i8085A/i8085AH CPU

Intel i8080 CPU upward instruction compatible.
Extra instructions: SIM (Set Interrupt Mask),
                    RIM (Read Interrupt Mask).
Extra interrupt lines, including NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt).

8 bit data bus.
16 bit address bus.
Data and address bus are multiplexed.

1976.

Intel i8085A CPU: 3 MHz, NMOS.
Intel iM8085A CPU: military (-55 - 125 C), NMOS.
Intel i8085AH-2 CPU: 5 MHz, HMOS.
Intel i8085AH-1 CPU: 6 MHz, HMOS.
Intel iM8085AH CPU: military (-55 - 125 C), HMOS.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

6200 transistors.


    2.8  Intel i8086A/i80C86A CPU, Intel i8088A/i80C88A CPU

1 Mbyte address space, 64 kbyte per segment.

Technology: 2.0 micron.
29E3 transistors.


    2.8.1  Intel i8086A/i80C86A CPU

16 bit internal data bus.
16 bit external data bus.
20 bit address bus.
Data and address bus are multiplexed.

1978.

Intel i8086A CPU: 4 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i8086AH CPU: 5 MHz, HMOS.
Intel i8086AH-2 CPU: 8 MHz, HMOS.
Intel i8086AH-1 CPU: 10 MHz, HMOS.
Intel i80C86A CPU: 5 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C86A-2 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C86A-1 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
12 Mhz: CMOS.
Intel iM80C86A CPU: military (-55 - 125 C).

Used in IBM PC clones, IBM PC/XT clones.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).


    2.8.2  Intel i8088A/i80C88A CPU

16 bit internal data bus.
8 bit external data bus (can co-operate with all Intel i8085 CPU
                        periphery chips).
20 bit address bus.
Data and address bus are multiplexed.

1979.

Intel i80C88A CPU: 5 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C88A-2 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C88A-1 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
12 MHz: CMOS.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

Used in IBM PC (Personal Computer), IBM PC/XT (eXtended Technology).


    2.9  AMD Am8086/Am80C86 CPU, AMD Am8088/Am80C88 CPU

    2.9.1  AMD Am8086/Am80C86 CPU

Intel i8086 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

AMD Am8086-1 CPU: 10 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am80C86 CPU: 5 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80C86-2 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80C86-1 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.


    2.9.2  AMD Am8088/Am80C88 CPU

Intel i8088 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

AMD Am8088 CPU: 5 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am8088-2 CPU: 8 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am8088-1 CPU: 10 MHz, HMOS.


    2.10  Harris HS80C86/883 CPU, Harris HS80C88/883 CPU

    2.10.1  Harris HS80C86/883 CPU

Intel i8086 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Harris HS80C86/883 CPU: 5 MHz, CMOS.
Harris HS80C86-2/883 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS.
Harris HS80C86-1/883 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
Harris HSMD80C86 CPU: military (-55 - 125 C), CMOS.


    2.10.2  Harris HS80C88/883 CPU

Intel i8088 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Harris HS80C88/883 CPU: 5 MHz, CMOS.
Harris HS80C88-2/883 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS.
Harris HS80C88-1/883 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.


    2.11  Siemens SAB8086 CPU

Intel i8086 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Siemens SAB8086-2P CPU: 8 MHz.
Siemens SAB8086-1P CPU: 10 MHz.


    2.12  Hitachi H80C88 CPU

Intel i8088 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

1982.

Technology: CMOS.


   2.13  Contemporary CPUs

Contemporary 16 bit CPUs to 8086/8088 were Zilog Z8000 CPU,
Fairchild 9445 CPU, Texas Instruments TI9900 CPU and Mil-Std 1750A CPU.
Last is reason DOD (Department Of Defence) contractors were not interested in
8086/8088. Mil-Std 1750A CPU was specified in all contracts of 1979 - 1984
period.
Texas Instruments TI9900 CPU was probably the best of the lot, but
Texas Instruments considered it a closed architecture, so no-one used it.


    2.14  Intel i80186/i80C186 CPU, Intel i80188/i80C188 CPU

Intel i8086 CPU / Intel i8088 CPU with extra features:
  2 programmable DMA controllers (Direct Memory Access),
  3 timers,
  PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller),
  integrated clock generator,
  Intel i80C186 CPU, Intel i80C188 CPU: DRAM refresh control unit,
  Intel i80C186 CPU, Intel i80C188 CPU: power save mode,
  extra instructions: all of the Intel i80286 CPU real mode instructions.
The Intel i80C188 CPU has no NPX interface.


    2.14.1  Intel i80186/i80C186 CPU

16 bit internal data bus.
16 bit external data bus.
20 bit address bus.

1983.

Intel i80186 CPU: 6 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i80186 CPU: 8 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i80186 CPU: 10 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i80C186 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C186-12 CPU: 12.5 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C186-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.
Intel iM80C186 CPU: military (-55 - 125 C), 10 MHz, CMOS.
Intel iM80C186-12 CPU: military (-55 - 125 C), 12.5 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C186XL CPU: low power, static core version of the Intel i80C186 CPU:
  Intel i80C186XL CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186XL12 CPU: 12.5 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186XL16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186XL20 CPU: 20 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C186EA CPU: Intel i80C186 CPU with extra features: idle mode,
  power down mode:
  Intel i80L186EA8 CPU: 3 V, 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EA12 CPU: 12.5 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EA16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EA20 CPU: 20 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C186EB CPU: low power, static core Intel i80C186 CPU with 2 serial
channels, instead of DMA:
  Intel i80C186EB-8 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80L186EB-8 CPU: 3 V, 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EB-13 CPU: 13 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EB-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C186EC CPU: Intel i80C186 CPU with extra features: low power,
  static core, 2 serial channels, 4 DMA channels, 32 bit watchdog timer:
  Intel i80C186EC-13 CPU: 13 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C186EC-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.


    2.14.2  Intel i80188/i80C188 CPU

16 bit internal data bus.
8 bit external data bus (can co-operate with all Intel i8085 CPU
                        periphery chips).
20 bit address bus.

1983.

Intel i80188 CPU: 6 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i80188 CPU: 8 MHz, NMOS.
Intel i80C188 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C188-12 CPU: 12.5 MHz, CMOS.
Intel i80C188-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C188XL CPU: low power, static core version of the Intel i80C188 CPU:
  Intel i80C188XL CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188XL12 CPU: 12 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188XL16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188XL20 CPU: 20 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C188EA CPU: Intel i80C188 CPU with extra features: idle mode,
  power down mode:
  Intel i80L188EA8 CPU: 3 V, 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EA12 CPU: 12.5 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EA16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EA20 CPU: 20 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C188EB CPU: low power, static core Intel i80C188 CPU with 2 serial
channels instead of DMA:
  Intel i80C188EB-8 CPU: 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80L188EB-8 CPU: 3 V, 8 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EB-13 CPU: 13 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EB-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.

Intel i80C188EC CPU: Intel i80C188 CPU with extra features: low power,
  static core, 2 serial channels, 4 DMA channels, 32 bit watchdog timer:
  Intel i80C188EC-13 CPU: 13 MHz, CMOS,
  Intel i80C188EC-16 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.


    2.15  AMD Am80186/Am80188 CPU

Intel i80186/i80188 CPU upward instruction compatible.


    2.15.1  AMD Am80L186 CPU

Intel i80186 CPU bus interface.

16 MHz: 3.3 V, 1995.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.15.2  AMD Am80L188 CPU

Intel i80188 CPU bus interface.

16 MHz: 3.3 V, 1995.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.15.3  AMD Am186EM CPU

Intel i80286 CPU style bus interface.
Extra Features: 2 DMA channels,
                watchdog timer,
                asynchronous & synchronous serial ports,
                32 programmable I/O pins.

25 MHz: 1995.
33 MHz: 1995.
40 MHz: 1995.

Package: PQT100.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.16  NEC V30/V20 CPU

Intel i80186 CPU / Intel i80188 CPU upward instruction compatible.
Extra features: extra instructions: BCD,
                Intel i8080 CPU simulation,
                fewer CPI (Cycles Per Instruction).


    2.16.1  NEC V30 CPU

Intel i8086 CPU pin compatible.

10 MHz.

NEC V50 CPU: undefined opcode triggers INT6,
             same speeds.
NEC V55 CPU: NEC V50 CPU,
             speeds up to 16 MHz.


    2.16.2  NEC V20 CPU

Intel i8088 CPU pin compatible.

8 MHz.
10 MHz.

Also made by Sony under license from NEC.

NEC V40 CPU: undefined opcode triggers INT6,
             same speeds.
NEC V45 CPU: NEC V40 CPU,
             speeds up to 16 MHz.


    2.17  Siemens SAB80186 CPU, Siemens SAB80188 CPU

    2.17.1  Siemens SAB80186 CPU

Intel i80186 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Siemens SAB80186-N CPU: 8 MHz.
Siemens SAB80186-1 CPU: 10 MHz.
Siemens SAB80186-16 CPU: 16 MHz.


    2.17.2  Siemens SAB80188 CPU

Intel i80188 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Siemens SAB80188-N CPU: 8 MHz.
Siemens SAB80188-1N CPU: 10 MHz.


    2.18  Intel i80886 CPU


    2.19  Intel i80286 CPU

Real mode: Intel i8086/i8088 CPU mode.
Protected mode: 16 MByte address space, 64 kbyte per segment,
                1 Gbyte virtual memory.

16 bit data bus.
24 bit address bus.

1982.

6 MHz.
8 MHz: PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).
10 MHz: PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).
12 MHz: PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).
16 MHz: PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).
20 MHz.

Package: 68 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

Used in IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology).

Technology: HMOS.
134E3 transistors.


    2.20  AMD Am80286/Am80C286 CPU

Intel i80286 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

AMD Am80286 CPU: 8 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am80286 CPU: 10 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am80286 CPU: 12 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am80286 CPU: 16 MHz, HMOS.
AMD Am80C286 CPU: 10 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80C286 CPU: 12 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80C286 CPU: 16 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80C286 CPU: 20 MHz, CMOS.
AMD Am80EC286 CPU: low power version of the AMD Am80C286 CPU.


    2.21  Harris 80C286 CPU

Intel i80286 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

10 MHz.
12.5 MHz.
16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.22  Siemens SAB80286 CPU

Intel i80286 CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Siemens SAB80286 CPU: 8 MHz.
Siemens SAB80286-1-N CPU: 10 MHz.
Siemens SAB80286-12-N CPU: 12 MHz.
Siemens SAB80286-16 CPU: 16 MHz.


    2.23  Intel i80386 CPU

Real mode: Intel i8086/i8088 CPU mode.
Protected mode: 64 Tbyte virtual memory, 4 Gbyte per segment.
Virtual 8086 mode (V86 mode): parallel simulation of more virtual
                              Intel i8086/i8088 CPUs.

POPAD bug: EAX register is trashed when there is a memory access instruction
           directly after the POPAD instruction.


    2.23.1  Intel i80386/i80386DX CPU

32 bit internal data bus.
32 bit external data bus (DX: Double-word eXternal).
32 bit address bus.

12 MHz: first 16 MHz CPUs had clock speed troubles and were released as
        12 MHz items.
16 MHz: early Intel i80386 CPUs had a bug in the 32 bit MUL instruction (MUL
        bug); it is fixed in the double-sigma step level,
        no longer available.
20 MHz: no longer available.
25 MHz: iCOMP 49.
33 MHz: 2000 mW, iCOMP 68.

October 1985.

Package: 132 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: 0.8 micron CMOS.
275E3 transistors.

ID: AH = 0x03 (Intel i80386 CPU).

ID: step level A (Intel i80386 CPU): DH = 0x00 (model ID, family ID),
    step level B0-B10 (Intel i80386 CPU, CMOS III): DH = 0x03 (model ID,
        family ID), DL = 0x03 (revision),
    step level D0 (Intel i80386DX CPU, CMOS III): DH = 0x03 (model ID,
        family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level D1-D2 (Intel i80386DX CPU, CMOS IV): DH = 0x03 (model ID,
        family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision),
    step level Ex, Fx: DH = 0x03 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.23.2  Intel i80386SX CPU

32 bit internal data bus.
16 bit external data bus (SX: Single-word eXternal).
24 bit address bus.

June 1988.

16 MHz.
20 MHz: iCOMP 32.
25 MHz: iCOMP 39.
33 MHz.

Package: 100 pin QFP (Quad Flat Package).

Technology: 0.8 micron CMOS.

ID: step level A0: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x04 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level C, D, E: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.23.3  Intel i80386SL CPU

Low power version of the Intel i80386SX CPU: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.
Extra pins assigned for power management.

Extra features: PI-bus (Peripheral Interface),
                cache controller, tag RAM,
                MCU (Memory Control Unit),
                ISA-bus driver (Industry Standard Architecture).

Intel i80386SX CPU upward pin compatible.

October 1990.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz, iCOMP 41.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A0: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x10 (revision),
    step level A1: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x10 (revision),
    step level A2: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x10 (revision),
    step level A3: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x10 (revision),
    step level B0: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x11 (revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x43 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x11 (revision).

Signature register (0x30E, OMCU): step level A0: 0x4300,
                                  step level A1: 0x4300,
                                  step level A2: 0x4301,
                                  step level A3: 0x4302,
                                  step level B0: 0x4310,
                                  step level B1: 0x4311.


    2.23.4  Intel RapidCAD CPU

Intel i80386 CPU with FPU (Floating Point Unit) (same implementation as
Intel i80486DX CPU).

The Intel RapidCAD CPU consists of a set of 2 chips. The Intel RapidCAD-1
(132 pin PGA) contains the Intel i80386 CPU with FPU. The Intel RapidCAD-2
(68 pin PGA) fits in the Intel i80387DX NPX socket and contains a PLA for the
FERR signal generation.

Intel i80386DX CPU / Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.

1992.

25 MHz.
33 MHz: 2.6 W typical, 3500 mW max.

800.000 transistors.
Technology: 0.8 micron CHMOS IV.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x03 (family ID), DL = 0x40 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x03 (family ID), DL = 0x41 (model ID, revision).


    2.23.5  Intel i80376 microprocessor

Embedded version of Intel i80386SX CPU.
Intel i80386SX CPU pin compatible.

Intel i80386 CPU instruction set, 32 bit protected mode only, no real mode, no
V86 mode, no 286 mode.
No MMU (Memory Management Unit).

16 MHz.
20 MHz.

1988.

Package: 100 pin QFP (Quad Flat Package),
         88 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

ID: step level A0: DH = 0x33 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x33 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.23.6  Intel i386SX microprocessor

Embedded version of Intel i80386SX CPU.
Static core.

24 bit address bus.

16 MHz: 5 V, 0-16 MHz, 1993.
20 MHz: 5 V, 0-20 MHz, 1993.
25 MHz: 5 V, 0-25 MHz, 1993.

Package: 100 pin PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package),
         die,
         military (-55 - 125 C).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x09 (revision).


    2.23.7  Intel i386CX microprocessor

Embedded version of Intel i80386SX CPU.
Static core.

SMM (System Management Mode): system & power management: idle mode, powerdown,
                                powersave.

26 bit address bus.

12 MHz: 3 V, 0-12 MHz, 1993.
20 MHz: 3.3 V, 0-20 MHz, 1993.
25 MHz: 5 V, 0-25 MHz, 1993.

Package: 100 pin PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package),
         100 pin SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Package),
         die,
         military (-55 - 125 C).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x09 (revision).


    2.23.8  Intel i386EX microprocessor

Embedded version of Intel i80386SX CPU.
Static core.

SMM (System Management Mode): system & power management: idle mode, powerdown,
                                powersave.

26 bit address bus.

16 MHz: 3 V, 0-16 MHz, 1994.
20 MHz: 3.3 V, 0-20 MHz, 1994.
25 MHz: 5 V, 0-25 MHz, 1994.

Package: 132 pin PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package),
         144 pin SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Package),
         die,
         military (-55 - 125 C).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x09 (revision).


    2.24  AMD Am386 CPU

Intel i80386 CPU instruction compatible.
Same core and microcode as Intel i80386 CPU.


    2.24.1  AMD Am386DX CPU

Low power.

Intel i80386DX CPU instruction/pin compatible.
Intel i80386DX IV CPU microcode.

March 1991.

16 MHz: 2-16 MHz.
20 MHz: 2-20 MHz.
25 MHz: 2-25 MHz.
33 MHz: 2-33 Mhz.
40 MHz: 2-40 MHz.

Technology: 0.8 micron CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x03 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x03 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.24.2  AMD Am386DXL CPU

Low power version of AMD Am386DX CPU.
Static core.
Intel i80386DX IV CPU microcode.

Intel i80386DX CPU upward pin compatible.

March 1991.

20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x03 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x03 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.24.3  AMD Am386DXLV CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode), low voltage (3.3 V - 4.5 V) version
of AMD Am386DX CPU.
Static core.

Intel i80386DX CPU upward pin compatible.

October 1991.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.24.4  AMD Am386SX CPU

Low power.
Extra pins assigned for power management.

Intel i80386SX CPU upward pin compatible.

July 1991.

16 MHz: 2-16 MHz.
20 MHz: 2-20 MHz.
25 MHz: 2-25 MHz, no longer available.
33 MHz: 2-33 MHz.
40 MHz: 2-40 MHz.

Technology: 0.8 micron CMOS.

ID: step level A1: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.24.5  AMD Am386SXL CPU

Low power version of AMD Am386SX CPU.
Static core.

July 1991.

20 MHz: 0-20 MHz.
25 MHz: 0-25 MHz.
33 MHz: 0-33 MHz.
40 MHz: 0-40 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A1: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x05 (revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x23 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x08 (revision).


    2.24.6  AMD Am386SXLV CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode), low voltage (3.3 V - 4.5 V) version
of AMD Am386SX CPU.
Static core.

October 1991.

20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.24.7  AMD Am386DE CPU

Embedded static version of the AMD Am386DX CPU.

25 MHz: 1995.
33 MHz: 1995.

Package: PQB132.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.24.8  AMD Am386SE CPU

Embedded static version of the AMD Am386SX CPU.

25 MHz: 1995.
33 MHz: 1995.

Package: PQB100.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.24.9  AMD Am386EM CPU

Intel i80386 CPU instruction compatible.
Extra features: 4 DMA channels with flyby and chaining support,
                watchdog timer,
                asynchronous & synchronous serial ports,
                32 progrmmable I/O pins,
                DRAM controller,
                96 Mbyte address space,
                JTAG support.

25 MHz: 1995.
33 MHz: 1995.
40 MHz: 1995.

Package: PQR132.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.25  IBM 386 CPU

Intel i80386 CPU instruction compatible.
Some instructions are executed faster than when executed by the
Intel i80386 CPU.


    2.25.1  IBM 386SLC CPU

Low power.
Extra pins assigned for power management.

8 kbyte cache.
To be enabled via software.

October 1991.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz: 2.5 W.

Intel i80386SX CPU upward pin compatible (100 pin MQFP).

Technology: CMOS.
Die size: 161 mm2.

ID: step level A: DH = 0xA3 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0xXX (revision).


    2.26  Chips & Technologies 386 CPU

Intel i80386 CPU instruction compatible, including undocumented
LOADALL386 instruction.
Own microcode (clean room).
Some instructions are executed faster than when executed by the
Intel i80386 CPU.


    2.26.1  Chips & Technologies Super386 38600DX CPU

Co-operation with an appropriate NPX causes communication problems, which
causes the over-all performance to drop below that of an Intel i80386DX CPU
with NPX.

Intel i80386DX CPU pin compatible.

33 MHz.
40 MHz: 1650 mW.

No longer available.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.26.2  Chips & Technologies 38605DX CPU

512 byte instruction cache.

32 bit internal data bus.
32 bit external data bus.
32 bit address bus.
Not Intel i80386DX CPU pin compatible.

No longer available.

Package: 144 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.


    2.26.3  Chips & Technologies 38600SX CPU

Intel i80386SX CPU pin compatible.

Never released.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.27  IBM 386/486 hybrid CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).
Intel i80386 CPU bus interface.


    2.27.1  IBM 486DLC CPU

Intel i80386 CPU core, enhanced by IBM.

16 kbyte cache: 4-way set associative, write through.
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

32 bit internal data bus.
32 bit external data bus.
32 bit address bus.
Not Intel i80386DX CPU pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.27.2  IBM 486DLC2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the IBM 486DLC CPU.

Intel i80386 CPU core, enhanced by IBM.

16 kbyte cache: 4-way set associative, write through.
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

Intel i80386DX CPU pin compatible.

November 1993.

33/66 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.27.3  IBM 486SLC CPU

Intel i80386 CPU core, enhanced by IBM.

16 kbyte cache: 4-way set associative, write through.
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

32 bit internal data bus.
16 bit external data bus.
24 bit address bus.
Not Intel i80386SX CPU pin compatible.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
20 MHz: 3.3 V, 1.0 W.
25 MHz.
25 MHz: 3.3 V, 1.3 W.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0xA4 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0xXX (revision).


    2.27.4  IBM 486SLC2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the IBM 486SLC CPU.
Low voltage: 3.3 V.

Intel i80386 CPU core, enhanced by IBM.

16 kbyte cache: 4-way set associative, write through, 16 byte line size.
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

Intel i80386SX CPU pin compatible (100 pin MQFP).

December 1992.

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz: 1.7 W.
25/50 MHz: 1993, 2.3 W.
33/66 MHz: 1993.
40/80 MHz: 1993.

1.349E6 transistors.
Die size: 69 mm2.

ID: step level Ax: DH = 0xA4 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x1X (revision),
    step level Bx: DH = 0xA4 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x2X (revision).


    2.27.5  IBM 486BLX CPU (Blue Lightning)

Intel i80486 CPU core and microcode, no FPU.

16 kbyte cache: 4-way set associative, write through, 16 byte line size.
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

Low power (3.3 V).
Power management: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

15 MHz.
20 Mhz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Intel i80386DX CPU upward pin compatible / AMD Am386DXL/Am386DXLV CPU pin
compatible (132 pin MQFP).

Technology: 0.8 micron CMOS.
Die size: 82 mm2.
1.4E6 transistors.


    2.27.6  IBM 486BLX2 CPU (Blue Lightning)

Clock doubled version of the IBM 486BLX CPU.

15/30 MHz.
20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz: 1993.
33/66 MHz: 1993.


    2.27.7  IBM 486BLX3 CPU (Blue Lightning)

Clock tripled version of the IBM 486BLX CPU.

15/45 MHz.
20/60 MHz.
25/75 MHz: 1993.
33/99 MHz: 1993.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x84 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0xXX (revision).


    2.28  Cyrix 386/486 hybrid CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).
Own core (clean room): not 100% compatible.
Intel i80386 CPU bus interface.


    2.28.1  Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU

First generation 40 MHz CPUs had a bug: using a NPX (Cyrix FasMath EMC87 NPX,
Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX (until November 1991), IIT IIT-3C87 NPX) caused
crashes. These are caused by synchronisation errors in FSAVE and FSTOR
instructions. Later, improved CPUs have an AB prefix printed in the lower
right corner. The Cyrix FasMath 387+ NPX (European name for
Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX from November 1991) causes no trouble when
co-operating with a bad Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU.

Static core.

1 kbyte unified cache: write through,
                       direct mapped / 2-way set associative,
                       maximum of 4 non-cachable areas.
Hit rate: 65% without support of cache by motherboard, because of flush at
            DMA,
          85% with support of cache by motherboard (Cache Coherency Support).
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

Intel i80386DX CPU upward pin compatible.

June 1992.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz: 2800 mW.

Clock Skewing Correction Circuit.

Contains a fast extra 16x16 bit multiplier.

Extra pins assigned for cache, power and A20 management:
  cache management: KEN#,
                    FLUSH#,
                    RPLSET#,
                    RPLVAL#,
  power management: SUSP#,
                    SUSPA#,
  A20 management: A20M#.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x01.


    2.28.2  Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU

Static core.

1 kbyte unified cache: write through / write back,
                       direct mapped / 2-way set associative,
                       maximum of 4 non-cachable areas.
hit rate: 65% without support of cache by motherboard, because of flush at
            DMA,
          85% with support of cache by motherboard (Cache Coherency Support).
To be enabled via software (BIOS).

Intel i80386SX CPU upward pin compatible.

March 1992.

20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz.

Clock Skewing Correction Circuit.

Contains a fast extra 16x16 bit multiplier.

Extra pins assigned for cache, power and A20 management:
  cache management: KEN#,
                    FLUSH#,
                    RPLSET#,
                    RPLVAL#,
  power management: SUSP#,
                    SUSPA#,
  A20 management: A20M#.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x1X (revision),
    DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x2X (revision).

No DIR0 register.


    2.28.3  Cyrix Cx486SLC/e CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode) version of Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU.
Static core.

December 1992.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x00.


    2.28.4  Cyrix Cx486SLC/e-V CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode), low voltage (3.3 V) version of
Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU.
Static core.

December 1992.

20 MHz.
25 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x00.


    2.28.5  Cyrix Cx486DLC / Cx486SLC CPU incompatibilities

Same registers.
Same instruction set.
Differences in execution time of various instructions, average CPI (Cycles
Per Instruction) about equal.

Crashes with: NextStep,
              DBOS 1.0 DOS extender of Salford FTN/386,
              Fortran compiler.


    2.28.6  Cyrix Cx486DLC2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU.

Power Management: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

DIR0 register: 0x03.


    2.28.7  Cyrix Cx486SLC2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU

Power Management: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

November 1993.

25/50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x02.


    2.28.8  Cyrix Cx486DRx CPU

DIR0 register: 0x05.


    2.28.9  Cyrix Cx486SRx CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).

The chip is placed over the surface mounted 80386SX CPU. The original CPU is
disabled by using the FLOAT pin. Older 16 MHz 80386SX CPUs can not be
upgraded (Cyrix can supply a compatibility test program).

1 kbyte cache.

DIR0 register: 0x04.


    2.28.10  Cyrix Cx486DRx2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486DRx CPU.

Incompatibilities: AT&T / Olivetti 386DX-16 and 386DX-20 systems,
                   Sun i386 systems,
                   Memorex 386 systems,
                   IBM PS/2 Model 70/16 MHz (85 ns memory required),
                   early Compaq Deskpro 386/16 MHz systems with 287 NPX (NPX
                     to be removed).

September 1993.

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz: heat sink.
25/50 MHz: heat sink.
33/66 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x07.


    2.28.11  Cyrix Cx486SRx2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486SRx CPU.

December 1993.

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x06.


    2.28.12  Cyrix Cx486DRu CPU

Direct Replacement Unit.
In fact a Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU with some additional hardware on a little PCB
that fits in a PGA (Pin Grid Array).

DIR0 register: 0x09.


    2.28.13  Cyrix Cx486SRu CPU

DIR0 register: 0x08.


    2.28.14  Cyrix Cx486DRu2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486DRu CPU.

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.

DIR0 register: 0x0B.


    2.28.15  Cyrix Cx486SRu2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix Cx486SRu CPU.

DIR0 register: 0x0A.


    2.29  Texas Instruments 386/486 hybrid CPU

    2.29.1  Texas Instruments TI486DLC CPU

Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).


    2.29.2  Texas Instruments TI486SLC CPU

Cyrix Cx486SLC CPU.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).


    2.29.3  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-S-GA CPU (Potomac)

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no FPU (Floating point Unit).
Intel i80386DX CPU bus interface.

8 kbyte cache: write through, 2-way set associative, 1024 sets,
               4 bytes per line.

40 MHz: february 1994.

Package: ceramic PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.4  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-VS-GA CPU (Potomac)

Low power (3.3 V) version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXL-S-GA CPU.

33 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.5  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-S-GA CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXL-S-GA CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.
25/50 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.6  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-VS-GA CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled, low power (3.3 V) version of the
Texas Instruments TI486SXL-S-GA CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.7  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-PAF CPU (Potomac)

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).
Intel i80386SX CPU bus interface.

8 kbyte cache: write through, 2-way set associative, 1024 sets,
               4 bytes per line.

33 MHz: february 1994.

Package: QFP (Quad Flat Package).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.8  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-V-PAF CPU (Potomac)

Low power (3.3 V) version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-PAF CPU.

25 MHz: february 1994.
33 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.9  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC2-PAF CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-PAF CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.
25/50 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.10  Texas Instruments TI486SXLC2-V-PAF CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled, low power (3.3 V) version of the
Texas Instruments TI486SXLC-PAF CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.29.11  Texas Instruments announcements

Rio Grande series: Potomac series follow-up.


    2.30  Intel i80486 CPU

Intel i80386 CPU upward instruction compatible.
Extra instructions.

8 kbyte unified cache: write through, 4-way set associative, 128 sets,
                       16 bytes per cache line, 4 write buffers,
                       only invalidation of a complete cache line,
                       96 % hit rate.

32 bit internal data bus.
32 bit external data bus.
32 bit address bus.

Execution unit:
  5-stage pipeline,
  barrel shifter,
  branch taken / not taken prediction (BTB: Branch Target Buffer).

Burst mode memory access: first access: 2 clock cycles,
                          every next access: 1 clock cycle.

CPUID: "GenuineIntel".


    2.30.1  Intel i80486DX CPU

Build-in FPU (Floating Point Unit).

April 1989.

20 MHz: CMOS.
25 MHz: 2600 mW, CHMOS IV, iCOMP 122, no longer available.
33 MHz: 3500 mW, CHMOS IV.
50 MHz: 1991, 3875 mW, CHMOS V.

Upgrading: Intel i80486DX2 CPU (ODPR), Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP:
           Intel i80486DX2 CPU), Intel i80486DX4 CPU (ODPR),
           Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP: Intel i80486DX4 CPU), Intel Overdrive CPU
           (ODPR: Intel Pentium CPU with Intel i80486DX CPU bus interface),
           Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP: Intel Pentium CPU).

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

1.2E6 transistors.

From June 1993 (Intel i80486DX-S CPU):

  SL Enhanced.

  33 MHz: iCOMP 166.
  50 MHz: iCOMP 249.

  CPUID: family = 0x4, model = 0x1.

From June 1993:

  SL Enhanced.
  Low power: 3.3 V.

  33 MHz.

No longer available from second quarter 1995.

ID (25 - 33 MHz, CMOS IV):
  step level A0, A1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x00 (model ID, revision),
  step level B2-B6: DH= 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x01 (model ID, revision),
  step level C0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x02 (model ID, revision),
  step level C1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x03 (model ID, revision),
  step level D0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x04 (model ID, revision).
ID (50 MHz, CMOS V):
  step level cA2, cA3: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
  step level cB0, cB1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision),
  step level cC0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x13 (model ID, revision),
  step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x14
                                     (model ID, revision),
  step level aB0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x15 (model ID,
                                revision).


    2.30.2  Intel i80486SL CPU

Intel i80486DX CPU with extra features:
  DRAM controller,
  ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) controller,
  local PI-bus controller (Peripheral Interconnect),
  power management: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

25 Mhz.
33 MHz.

Not Intel i80486DX CPU pin compatible.
196 pin PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package).

Technology: CMOS.

From June 1993 replaced by Intel i80486DX-S CPU.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x40 (model ID, revision).


    2.30.3  Intel i80486DXL CPU

Intel i80486DX CPU with extra features: SMM (System Management Mode),
                                        stop clock,
                                        power saving features.
Static core.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.30.4  Intel i80486SX CPU

No build-in FPU (Floating Point Unit):
  Intel i80486DX CPU die with FPU disabled,
  currently FPU not implemented (resulting in a smaller chip, plastic package).

One extra pin assigned to allow an Intel i80487SX NPX to disable this CPU.
Not Intel i80486DX CPU upward pin compatible.
Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

April 1991.

16 MHz: 1991, no longer available.
20 MHz: 1991, iCOMP 78, no longer available.
25 MHz: 1991.
33 MHz: 1991.

Upgrading: Intel i80486DX CPU (ODPR: Intel i80486DX CPU with
           Intel i80486SX CPU pin layout), Intel i80486DX2 CPU (ODPR:
           Intel i80486DX2 CPU with Intel i80486SX CPU pin layout),
           Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP: Intel i80486DX2 CPU), Intel i80486DX4 CPU
           (ODPR: Intel i80486DX4 CPU with Intel i80486SX CPU pin layout),
           Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP: Intel i80486DX4 CPU), Intel Overdrive CPU
           (ODPR: Intel Pentium CPU with Intel i80486SX CPU bus interface),
           Intel Overdrive CPU (ODP: Intel Pentium CPU).

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array),
         208 pin PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Package).

Technology: CMOS.

From June 1993 (Intel i80486SX-S CPU):

  SL Enhanced.

  25 MHz: iCOMP 100 (by define).
  33 MHz: iCOMP 136.

  CPUID: family = 0x4, model = 0x2.

From June 1993:

  SL Enhanced.
  Low Power: 3.3 V.

  25 MHz.
  33 MHz.

ID: step level A0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x20 (model ID, revision),
    step level B0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x22 (model ID, revision),
    step level cA0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x27 (model ID, revision),
    step level cB0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x28 (model ID, revision),
    step level D: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x23 (model ID, revision),
    step level E: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x2A (model ID, revision),
    step level gAx: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x24 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x2A (model ID,
                         revision),
    step level aB0, aC0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x2B (model ID,
                         revision).


    2.30.5  Intel i80486SXL CPU

Intel i80486SX CPU with extra features: SMM (System Management Mode),
                                        stop clock,
                                        power saving features.
static core.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.30.6  Intel i80486DX2 P24 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Intel i80486DX CPU.
Intel i80486DX CPU pin compatible.

March 1992.

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz: 4000 mW.
33/66 MHz: 4875 mW.

G4C, G4S.

Technology: CMOS.

From June 1993 (Intel i80486DX2-S CPU):

  SL Enhanced.

  20/40 MHz: SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Package).
  25/50 MHz: iCOMP 231.
  33/66 MHz: iCOMP 297.

  CPUID: family = 0x4, model = 0x3.

From Nov 1993:

  SL Enhanced.
  Low power: 3.3 V.

  20/40 MHz.
  25/50 MHz.

From October 1994 (P24D) (not marketed, P24CT Overdrive Processor Pretest Kit
for Intel Verification Program (OEM)):

  Write-back cache.
  Upward pin compatible.
  Performance increase: 15 %.

  25/50 MHz.
  33/66 MHz.

No longer available from fourth quarter 1995.

ID: step level A0-A2: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x33 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x34
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level aB0, aC0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x35
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level A (write-back): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x36 (model ID,
                               write-through), DL = 0x7X (model ID,
                               write-back).


    2.30.7  Intel i80486DX4 P24C CPU

Clock tripled version of the Intel i80486DX CPU.
Selection of doubling/tripling by a pin on the chip (CLKMUL: 0, 1). Connecting
this pin with the BREQ pin makes the core running at 2.5 times the external
speed (not implemented yet).
Intel i80486DX CPU upward pin compatible.

5 V external, 3.3 V internal: if the motherboard does not provide the 3.3 V
                              power to the CPU, the CPU can be installed using
                              a special socket wired to the 3.3 V output of
                              your PSU (Power Supply Unit); in either case
                              another PSU providing the 3.3 V is needed.

16 kbyte cache.

25/75 MHz max: 3.3 V, March 1994, iCOMP 319.
33/99 MHz max: 51 SPECint92, 27 SPECfp92, 3.3 V, March 1994, iCOMP 435.
Production cancelled for a few months from September 1994 in favor of
Intel Pentium CPUs.

Power consumption: 4 W typical.

SL Enhanced Intel i80486DX CPU pin compatible.
Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Extra integer multiplier: 5 cycle 16 x 16 multiply.

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array),
         208 pin SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Package).

Technology: 4 layer metal, 0.6 micron biCMOS/CHMOS.
1.6E6 transistors.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x8X (model ID, revision).

CPUID: step level A: family = 0x4, model = 0x8.

From October 1994 (Intel i80486DX4WB CPU): write-back cache.

Intel i80486DX4 P54LM CPU: notebooks,
                           2.5 - 2.9 V,
                           90 MHz,
                           100 MHz.


    2.30.8  Intel i80486SX2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Intel i80486SX CPU.

SL Enhanced.

25/50 MHz: iCOMP 180.

ID: step level aC0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x5B (model ID, revision).


    2.30.9  Intel i80486 CPU announcements

3.3 V versions of existing and new Intel i80486 CPUs.


    2.31  AMD Am486 CPU

Originally same core and microcode as Intel i80486 CPUs; currently an own
implementation. In between there are CPUs with recompiled 486 microcode.
Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible.


    2.31.1  AMD Am486DX CPU

Intel i80486DX CPU instruction/pin compatible.

April 1993.

33 MHz: 8-33 MHz, 1993.
40 MHz: 8-40 MHz, 1993.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (model ID), DL = 0x12 (model ID, revision).


    2.31.2  AMD Am486DXL CPU

Low power version of the AMD Am486DX CPU.

October 1993.

40 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (model ID), DL = 0x12 (model ID, revision).


    2.31.3  AMD Am486DXLV CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode), low voltage (3.0 V) version of the
AMD Am486DX CPU.
Static core.

October 1993.

33 MHz: 0-33 MHz, 1993.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (model ID), DL = 0x12 (model ID, revision).


    2.31.4  AMD Am486DX2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the AMD Am486DX CPU.

April / October 1993.
From November 1994: 3.3 V.

25/50 MHz: 1993.
33/66 MHz: heatsink required.
40/80 MHz: September 1994, heatsink required.
Some 3.3 V, 66, 80 MHz items are DX4 parts that failed Q.C. at 100 MHz
(Malaysia, fab number 25253).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision).


    2.31.5  AMD Am486DXL2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the AMD Am486DXL CPU.
Low power (SMM: System Management Mode).

AMD core/microcode.

33/66 MHz.
40/80 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision).


    2.31.6  AMD Am486DX4 CPU

Clock tripled version of the AMD Am486DX CPU.
Selection of doubling/tripling by a pin on the chip.

8 kbyte cache: write-through.

33/99 MHz: 3.3 V, September 1994, heatsink + fan required.
40/120 MHz.
133 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1995).

Technology: 0.5 micron, 3 layer CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision).

Enhanced AMD Am486DX4 CPU: write-back cache.


    2.31.7  AMD Am486SX CPU

Intel i80486SX CPU instruction/pin compatible.

AMD microcode.

July 1993.

33 MHz: 1993.
40 MHz: 1993.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.31.8  AMD Am486SXLV CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode), low voltage (3.0 V) version of the
AMD Am486SX CPU.
Static core.

AMD microcode.

July 1993.

33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.31.9  AMD Am486SX2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the AMD Am486SX CPU.

25/50 MHz: February 1994.
33/66 MHz: April 1994.


    2.31.10  AMD Am486 CPU announcements

3.3 V versions of the AMD Am486DX CPU and the AMD Am486SX CPU.


    2.31.11  AMD Am486SE CPU

Embedded static version of the AMD Am486SX CPU.

25 MHz: 1995.
33 MHz: 1995.

Package: CGM168.

AMD Embedded Processors E86 Family.


    2.32  IBM 80486 CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible.


    2.32.1  IBM 80486DX CPU

Intel i80486DX CPU instruction/pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.32.2  IBM 80486SX CPU

Intel i80486SX CPU instruction/pin compatible.

16 kbyte cache.

Technology: CMOS.


    2.32.3  IBM 80486BLDX2 CPU (Blue Lightning)

33/66 MHz: Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V-66 CPU.
40/80 MHz: Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V-80 CPU.

ID: DH = 0xA4 (family ID), DL = 0x80 (model ID, revision).


    2.33  Cyrix Cx486 CPU

    2.33.1  Cyrix FasCache Cx486D CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no build-in FPU (Floating Point
Unit).
Can piggy-back a Cyrix Cx487S NPX.

2 kbyte cache: write back.

Intel i80486SX CPU upward pin compatible.

On-chip ventilator.

40 MHz: 1993.

Technology: CMOS.

Cyrix M5 CPU.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x05 (model ID).


    2.33.2  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S CPU

Intel i80486 CPU instruction compatible, no build-in FPU (Floating Point
Unit).
Low Power: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

2 kbyte cache: write back.

Intel i80486SX CPU upward pin compatible.

May 1993.

33 MHz.
40 MHz: 1993.
50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

Cyrix M5 CPU.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x05 (model ID).

DIR0 register: 0x10.


    2.33.3  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S/e CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode) version of the
Cyrix FasCache Cx486S CPU.
Static core.

DIR0 register: 0x12.


    2.33.4  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S-V CPU

Low voltage (3.3 V) version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486S CPU.

May 1993.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x10.


    2.33.5  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2 CPU

Clock doubled version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486S CPU.

October 1993.

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x11.


    2.33.6  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2/e CPU

Low power (SMM: System Management Mode) version of the
Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2 CPU.
Static core.

DIR0 register: 0x13.


    2.33.7  Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2-V CPU

Low voltage (3.3 V) version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486S2 CPU.

October 1993.

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

DIR0 register: 0x11.


Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX/Cx486DX2 CPU FP bug: when a register load instruction
is followed by an instruction that clears the FP status register (FCLEX), and
the memory location being referenced is not in the CPU's internal cache, the
external memory bus cycle is aborted by the FCLEX instruction and the register
is not loaded properly.
Since this code sequence is very unlikely to occur in any software, the bug
will probably not be fixed at all.

    2.33.8  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX CPU

Intel i80486DX instruction compatible, FPU (Floating Point Unit).
Low Power: SMM (System Management Mode).
Static core.

8 kbyte cache: write through / write back.

Intel i80486DX CPU upward pin compatible.

September 1993.

33 MHz: 1993.
40 MHz: 1993.
50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

Cyrix M6 CPU.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x06 (model ID).

DIR0 register: 0x1A.


    2.33.9  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX-V33 CPU

Low voltage (3.3 V) version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX CPU.

September 1993.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x06 (model ID).

DIR0 register: 0x1A.


    2.33.10  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2 CPU

Clock doubled Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX CPU.

September 1993.

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

Cyrix M7 CPU.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x07 (model ID).

DIR0 register: 0x1B.


    2.33.11  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V33 CPU

Low voltage (3.3V) version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2 CPU.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x00 (family ID), DL = 0x07 (model ID).

DIR0 register: 0x1B.


    2.33.12  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2-V CPU

Low voltage (4 V) version of the Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX2 CPU.

8 kbyte cache: write back.

33/66 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1994).
40/80 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1994).

Technology: IBM 0.65 micron CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x80 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0x1B.


    2.33.13  Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX4 CPU

Clock tripled Cyrix FasCache Cx486DX CPU.

September 1995.

Technology: CMOS.

Cyrix M9 CPU.


    2.34  Texas Instruments TI486 CPU

    2.34.1  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-GA CPU (Potomac)

Intel i80486SX CPU instruction/pin compatible.

8 kbyte cache: write through, 2-way set associative, 1024 sets,
               4 bytes per line.

40 MHz: february 1994.

Package: ceramic PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.34.2  Texas Instruments TI486SXL-V-GA CPU (Potomac)

Low power (3.3 V) version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXL-GA CPU.

33 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.34.3  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-GA CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled version of the Texas Instruments TI486SXL-GA CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.
25/50 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.34.4  Texas Instruments TI486SXL2-V-GA CPU (Potomac)

Clock doubled, low power (3.3 V) version of the
Texas Instruments TI486SXL-GA CPU.

20/40 MHz: february 1994.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x10 (model ID, revision),
    step level B: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x11 (model ID, revision).

DIR0 register: 0xFE.


    2.35  SGS-Thomson ST486 CPU

    2.35.1  SGS-Thomson ST486DX2 CPU

Cyrix Fascache Cx486DX2 CPU.

33/66 MHz.


    2.36  UMC 486 CPU

The UMC 486 CPU does violate some of Intel's patents and will therefore not be
sold in the USA.

CPUID: "UMC UMC UMC".


    2.36.1  UMC U5S CPU

Intel i80486SX CPU instruction/pin compatible, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).

8 kbyte cache.
4 deep write buffer.

25 MHz: August 1994.
33 MHz: 2.25 W, August 1994.
40 MHz: August 1994.

Manufacturing: 0.6 micron CMOS.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x23 (model ID, revision).

CPUID: family = 0x4, model = 0x2.


    2.36.2  UMC U5SD CPU

Intel i80486DX CPU pin compatible UMC U5S CPU.

25 MHz: August 1994.
33 MHz: 2.25 W, August 1994.
40 MHz: August 1994.

Manufacturing: 0.6 micron CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x1X (model ID, revision).

CPUID: family = 0x4, model = 0x1.


   2.36.3  UMC U5S-VL CPU

3.3 V version of the UMC U5S CPU.

33 MHz: 0.76 W, August 1994.

Manufacturing: 0.6 micron CMOS.

Package: 196 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).


    2.37  Intel Overdrive CPU for Intel i80486 CPU

Many 486 CPU motherboards contain an Intel Overdrive socket in which a more
powerful CPU can be placed (ODP: OverDrive Processor), this being an
Intel i80486DX2 CPU, an Intel i80486DX4 CPU, or an Intel Pentium CPU. It is
possible to remove the old CPU while upgrading. All output pins of the
original CPU are put in 3-state and the power consumption is reduced when the
UP# pin (Upgrade Present) is activated.

An Intel Overdrive CPU will be made available that will fit in the original
PGA (Pin Grid Array) (ODPR: OverDrive Processor Replacement), so motherboards
without an Intel Overdrive socket can be upgraded too.

At this moment it is still unsure if all motherboards with an
Intel Overdrive socket can indeed be upgraded to an Intel Pentium CPU. The
Intel Pentium P24T CPU (ODP), the Intel Pentium CPU upgrade for the blue
238 pin PGA Overdrive socket, appears to produce too much heat for most
thermally not compliant systems. It is not even sure if there will ever be an
Intel Pentium CPU upgrade for those motherboards at all (see Intel Overdrive
Processor Upgradability Guide). For the newer motherboards with a white
237 pin PGA Overdrive socket, that do satisfy the heat specifications, there
will be an Intel Pentium CPU at 3.3 V with a ventilator on the IC. There are
also black 168 pin Overdrive sockets around; these can contain an
Intel i80486DX2 ODP CPU or an Intel i80486DX4 ODP CPU. For the black 169 pin
Overdrive sockets of 486SX systems, an Intel i80487SX CPU, an
Intel i80486DX2 ODP CPU, or an Intel i80486DX4 ODP CPU is available.

ZIF socket (Zero Insertion Force).


    2.37.1  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU (ODPR)

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.
33/66 MHz.

SL Enhanced from June 1993.

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A0-A2: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x33 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x34
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level aB0, aC0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x35
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level A (write-back): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x7X (model ID,
    revision).


    2.37.2  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486SX CPU (ODPR)

20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.
33/66 MHz.

SL Enhanced from June 1993.

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A0-A2: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x33 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x34
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level aB0, aC0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x35
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level A (write-back): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x7X (model ID,
                               revision).


    2.37.3  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU (ODP)

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.
33/66 MHz.

SL Enhanced from June 1993.

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A0-A2: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x33 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x34
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level aB0, aC0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x35
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level A (write-back): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x7X (model ID,
                               revision).


    2.37.4  Intel i80486DX2 CPU for Intel i80486SX CPU (ODP)

16/32 MHz.
20/40 MHz.
25/50 MHz.
33/66 MHz.

SL Enhanced from June 1993.

Package: 169 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

P23T.

ID: step level A0-A2: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x32 (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x33 (model ID, revision),
    step level aA0, aA1 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x34
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level aB0, aC0 (SL Enhanced): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x35
                                       (model ID, revision),
    step level A (write-back): DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x7X (model ID,
                               revision).


    2.37.5  Intel i80486DX4 CPU for Intel i80486DX CPU, Intel i80486DX2 CPU
            (ODP)

Built-in voltage regulator: 3.3 V, 5 V.

25/75 MHz max: October 1994.
33/99 MHz max: October 1994.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x14 (family ID), DL = 0x80 (model ID, revision).


    2.37.6  Intel Pentium P24T CPU (ODP)

5 V.

ID: DH = 0x15 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x31 (revision).


    2.37.7  Intel Pentium P24CT CPU (ODP)

32 kbyte cache: 16 kbyte code, 16 kbyte data.

25/63 MHz: 3.3 V, January 1994, 235 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).
33/83 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1995): 237/238 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

ID: DH = 0x15 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x2X (revision).


    2.38  Cyrix Overdrive CPU

DIR0 register: 0xFD.


    2.39  Intel Pentium CPU

2-issue 5-stage superscalar with 8-stage pipelined FPU (Floating Point Unit).
Intel i80486 CPU upward instruction compatible.

Multiprocessor support.
Upgrading: adding more Intel Pentium CPUs.

Parity checking at busses.

Branch prediction (BTB: Branch Target Buffer).

8 kbyte instruction cache, 8 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture).
Both 2-way set associative, write back, no write allocate.

32 bit internal data bus (CPU - MMU (Memory Management Unit, including cache))
64 bit external data bus (MMU (Memory Management Unit, including cache)
                         - memory).
32 bit address bus.

Package: 296 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

In October 1994 Dr. Thomas R. Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at the
Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Virginia (nicely@acavax.lynchburg.edu), reported
a bug present in the FPU of all Intel Pentium CPUs. The double precision part
of the mantissa is not computed correctly when dividing in some areas of the
mantissa space of the divisor. The bug is fixed in Intel Pentium CPUs produced
after November 1994.


    2.39.1  Intel Pentium P5 CPU

May 1993.

60 MHz (Intel Pentium 510\60 CPU): 17-13 W, iCOMP 510.
66 MHz (Intel Pentium 567\66 CPU): 16-13 W, iCOMP 567 (First 66 MHz CPUs had
                                   heat troubles and were released as 60 MHz
                                   items).

Technology: 0.8 micron biCMOS.
3.1E6 transistors.
Die size: 18 x 16 mm.

ID: step level Ax: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x0X (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x13 (model ID, revision),
    step level C1: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x15 (model ID, revision),
    step level D1: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x17 (model ID, revision).

CPUID: step level Ax: family = 0x5, model = 0,
       step level Bx: family = 0x5, model = 1.

Model 1, revision 7: FDIV bug fixed.


    2.39.2  Intel Pentium P54C CPU

Upgrading: Intel Pentium P54M Overdrive (2 CPUs co-operating),
           Intel Pentium P55CT CPU.

60 MHz: 3.3 V.
66 MHz: 64.5 SPECint92, 56.9 SPECfp92, 3.3 V.
50/75 MHz (Intel Pentium 610\75 CPU) (notebooks, P54T):
  3 V, August 1994, package: 320 pin TCP, iCOMP 610.
60/90 MHz (Intel Pentium 735\90 CPU): 3.3 V, March 1994, iCOMP 735.
66/100 MHz (Intel Pentium 815\100 CPU): 3.3 V, March 1994, iCOMP 815.
60/120 MHz (announced): no multi-processor features, step level C2.
66/133 MHz (announced: third quarter 1995): 0.35 micron CMOS.

Technology: 4 layer metal, 0.6 micron biCMOS.
3.3E6 transistors.
Die size: 12 x 13 mm.

ID: step level A: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x2X (model ID, revision),
    step level B1: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x21 (model ID, revision),
    step level B3: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x22 (model ID, revision),
    step level B5: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x24 (model ID, revision),
    step level C1: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x25 (model ID, revision),
    step level C2 (120 MHz): DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x25 (model ID,
                             revision),
    P54CQS, 120 MHz: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x25 (model ID, revision),
    P54LM, 2.9 V, step level Ax: DH = 0x05 (family ID), DL = 0x25 (model ID,
                                 revision).

CPUID: family = 0x5, model = 0x2.

Model 2, revision 5: FDIV bug fixed.


    2.39.3  Intel Pentium P55C CPU

60/150 MHz: 2.5 V, November 1994.

Technology: 0.6 micron.


    2.40  Intel Overdrive CPU for Intel Pentium CPU

    2.40.1  Intel Pentium P54M CPU

Overdrive for Intel Pentium P54C CPU.

Technology: CMOS.

ID: DH = 0x25 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0x2X (revision).

    2.40.2  Intel Pentium P55CT CPU

Overdrive for Intel Pentium P54C CPU.


    2.41  AMD K5 CPU (K86 series)

Intel Pentium CPU compatible.

X86 to RISC Operation (ROP) translation.

Superscalar: 5 stage,
             3 integer pipelines, 1 FP pipeline.

Cache: 16 kbyte instruction with predecode unit, 8 kbyte data
       (Harvard architecture), MESI compatible.

Dynamic, block oriented, branch prediction with speculative execution.

Announced: first quarter 1996.

Package: 296 pin SPGA.

Technology: 3.3 V, 0.5 micron, 3 layer CMOS (Fab 25, Texas),
            0.35 micron CMOS (first quarter 1996).

Announcements: AMD K6 CPU: vendor ID string: "AuthenticAMD",
               AMD K7 CPU.


    2.42  Cyrix 586 CPU

Intel Pentium CPU compatible.
Clock doubled/tripled.

16 kbyte unified cache: write-back, 4-way set-associative.

Power management: SMM (System Management Mode),
                  hardware suspend,
                  stop-clock,
                  FPU auto-idle.

50 MHz.
100 MHz (announced: third quarter 1995).
120 MHz.

3.3 V, 5 V I/O.

Superscalar: 7 stage, 2 isue.
Branch prediction, branch target cache.
Load/store unit.
FPU: 4 64 bit write buffers.

Package: 296 pin PGA.

Technology: 0.5 micron CMOS (IBM, SGS-Thomson).

Vendor ID string: "CyrixInstead".

DIR0 register: 0x30.

Cyrix M1 CPU.


    2.42.1  Cyrix 5x86 CPU

Cyrix 586 CPU with Intel i80486DX4 CPU bus interface.
Clock: 2x, 3x.

16 kbyte unified cache: write-back, 4-way set-associative.

Superscalar: data forwarding, branch prediction, branch target cache,
             decoupled load/store unit.

SMM (System Management Mode): stop-clock, FPU auto-idle, hardware suspend.

100 MHz: 3.3 V (5 V tolerance I/O), 3.5 W.

Package: 168 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array),
         208 pin QFP (Quad Flat Package).

Technology: 0.65 micron CMOS (IBM).

Cyrix M1sc CPU.


    2.43  NexGen Nx586/Nx587 CPU chipset

Intel Pentium CPU instruction compatible.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): RISC86: interpreting (hardware)
Intel Pentium CPU instruction set.

Runs internally at 4 V; Compatibility with 5 V motherboard provided through
the bus interface chip.

16 kbyte instruction cache, 16 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture).
External L2 cache controller for 256 kbyte or 1 Mbyte.

NexGen Nx586 CPU: 60 MHz,
                  66 MHz.
NexGen Nx587 NPX: 60 MHz,
                  66 MHz.

March 1994.

NexGen NxVL Vesa Local Bus interface: 60 MHz,
                                      66 Mhz.
PCI version (announced: 3rd quarter 1994).

Superscalar: 2 integer units,
             FP adder (2 cycles),
             FP multiplier (2 cycles).
Branch prediction.

NexGen Nx586 CPU: 4 V, 9 W, 3.5E6 transistors, 0.5 micron CMOS.
NexGen Nx587 NPX: 4 V, 1.1 W, 0.7E6 transistors, 0.5 micron CMOS.
NexGen NxVL Vesa Local Bus interface: 5 V, 1.0 W, 0.5 micron CMOS.

75 MHz: September 1994.
80 MHz: September 1994.
90 MHz: September 1994.
100 MHz (announced).

Manufactured by IBM.


    2.44  Intel P6 CPU

Upward compatible with all previous iapx CPUs (RISC core with X86
translation).

Superscalar: 12 stage, 3 isue, instruction pool, fetch/decode unit,
             dispatch/execution unit (2 AGU (Address Generation Unit): 1 load,
             1 store, 1 JEU (Jump Execution Unit), 2 IEU (Integer Execution
             Unit), 1 FEU (Floating Execution Unit)), retire unit.
ECC.
Fault Analysis & Recovery.
Functional Redundancy Checking.
Multiple branch prediction, data flow analysis, speculative execution.

Level 1 cache: 8 kbyte instruction, 8 kbyte data (Harvard architecture).
256 kbyte level 2 cache: MESI support.

120 MHz.
133 MHz: 2.9 V, 14 W.
200 MHz: 0.35 micron technology.

Technology: 0.6 micron biCMOS, precharged domino logic.
5.5E6 transistors.

ID: DH = 0x06 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0xXX (revision).


    2.44.1 Intel announcements

P7: 14E6 transistors, Santa Clara, CA: 1997.


    2.45  Intel Overdrive P6 CPU

    2.45.1  Intel Overdrive P6T CPU

ID: DH = 0x16 (model ID, family ID), DL = 0xXX (revision).


    2.46  RISC CPU (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Recently IBM announced to increase their effort on the development of the
IBM, Motorola PowerPC CPU. They expect Microsoft's Windows NT (New Technology)
running on a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor (theirs) to be
the Microsoft MS-DOS / IBM PC/AT / Intel X86 CPU follow-up. In this section
the non Intel X86 CPUs for which Microsoft's Windows NT is available are
described (DEC DECchip-2106[468] CPU, MIPS R4X00 CPU,
IBM, Motorola PowerPC CPU). For completeness some other RISC CPUs are
described too (Sun Sparc CPU, HP PA CPU).

PISC CPU (Parallel Instruction Set Computer): integrated DSP's (Digital Signal
Processor).


    2.46.1  DEC DECchip-210 CPU

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).
64 bit architecture.

64/128 bit data bus.

Super scalar: 2 64 bit integer units,
              floating point unit.

21064-AA: 150 MHz: 3.3 V, end 1992,
          200 MHz: external speed: 25, 50, 100 MHz, 3.3 V, end 1992, 35 W.
21064-AA: 2 level cache,
          250 MHz: 3.3 V, June 1994,
          300 MHz: 3.3 V, June 1994.
21066: 21064 with PCI controller, DRAM/VRAM controller, graphics interface,
       166 MHz, 7W,
       200 MHz.
21068: low cost 21066,
       66 MHz, December 1993, 20 W,
       100 MHz, December 1993.

Alpha.

Used in DEC Alpha AXP.


    2.46.2  MIPS R4000 CPU

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).

64 bit data bus.
64 bit address bus.
data and address bus are multiplexed.

8 kbyte instruction cache, 8 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture): both
direct mapped.
MIPS R4000MC/R4000SC CPU: secondary external cache controller (128 bit bus).

100 MHz: 5V.

LSI Logic LR4000PC CPU: 50 MHz, 0.7 micron CMOS.
LSI Logic LR4000MC CPU.
LSI Logic LR4000SC CPU: internal / external clock rate selectable 1/2, 1/3,
                        1/4, 100 MHz maximum.

Also available from NEC, IDT and Toshiba.


    2.46.3  MIPS R4200 CPU

16 kbyte instruction cache, 8 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture): both
direct mapped.

80 MHz: 3.3 V (also available from NEC).


    2.46.4  MIPS R4400 CPU

16 kbyte instruction cache, 16 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture): both
direct mapped.
MIPS R4400MC/R4400SC CPU: secondary external cache controller (128 bit bus).

100 MHz: 5 V.
100 MHz: 3.3 V.
133 MHz: 5 V.
133 MHz: 3.3 V.
150 MHz: 5 V.
150 MHz: 3.3 V.
200 MHz: 3.3 V, May 1994.

Also available from NEC, IDT and Toshiba.


    2.46.5  MIPS Orion R4600 CPU

Designed by QED.

16 kbyte instruction cache, 16 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture): both
2-way set associative.

100 MHz: 5 V (also available from IDT).
100 MHz: 3.3 V (also available from Toshiba).
133 MHz: April 1994.
150 MHz.


    2.46.6  IBM, Motorola PowerPC CPU

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).
64 bit architecture.

Somerset Alliance: IBM, Motorola, Apple; Austin, Texas; February 1991;
Tom Mance.
Somerset Design Center: Austin; 601, 603, 604, 620.
Motorola, Israel; IBM, North Carolina: microcontrollers.

PowerOpen Association: Apple, IBM, Motorola, Groupe Bull, Harris, Tadpole
Technology, Thomson-CSF,
Lobby group: Ford will use a PowerPC microcontroller in over 6,000,000 cars;
             Canon will use the PowerPC; Parsytec will use the PowerPC in its
             parallel computers.

401: (embedded microprocessor), 3.3 V, third quarter 1994.
     20 MHz,
     25 MHz,
     33 MHz.

601: (personal computers).
     64 bit external data bus.
     32 bit address bus.

     32 kbyte cache.

     50 MHz: 3.6 V, fourth quarter 1994,
     60 MHz,
     66 MHz: 3.6 V, 9 W, fourth quarter 1994,
     80 MHz: 3.6 V, 85 SPECint92, 105 SPECfp92, 8 W, fourth quarter 1994,
             used in Apple Power Macintosh and IBM RS/6000
     100 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1994): 4 W, IBM 0.5 micron CMOS,
     135 MHz (announced: fourth quarter 1994).

     POWER (Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC).

     MC98601.

602: (advanced consumer electronics, handheld computers).

     66 MHz: February 1995.

603: low power (notebooks).
     8 kbyte cache.

     50 MHz,
     66 MHz: 3.3 V, third quarter 1994,
     80 MHz: 75 SPECint92, 85 SPECfp92.

     Troubles running SoftPC; probably a 603+ will be developed by Apple.

603e: 16 kbyte cache.

      100 MHz: February 1995, 1.2 W.

604: (high performance desktop computers, workstations).
     75 MHz: 3.3 V, fourth quarter 1994,
     100 MHz: 3.3 V, fourth quarter 1994,
     120 MHz: 3.3 V, SPECint92 180, SPECfp92 180,
     133 MHz: 3.3 V, SPECint92 200.

     package: ceramic QFP (Quad Flat Package),
              ceramic ball grid array.

     3.3 V, die size: 13 x 15 mm, 3.6E6 transistors,
     technology: 0.5 micron CMOS.

615: 80X86 interpreter (hardware) (announced: fourth quarter 1994).
     Intel ODP CPU pin compatible.

620: (announced: second quarter 1995): (servers).
     64 bit data bus.
     64 bit address bus.

     VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word): 2 integer,
                                        2 floating point,
                                        2 branch, jump.

     32 kbyte instruction cache.

     POWER2 (Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC 2).

     71.5 MHz: 126 SPECint92, 260 SPECfp92,
     130 MHz: 3.3 V,
     150 MHz: 3.3 V.

     Used in IBM System/36.

630: (announced).
     64 bit data bus.
     64 bit address bus.

     multi-chip CPU: core, cache, controller.

     POWER3 (Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC 3).


    2.46.7  Sun Sparc CPU

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).

Texas Instruments SuperSPARC CPU (Viking).
Texas Instruments SuperSPARC II CPU (announced).
Texas Instruments UltraSPARC CPU (announced).

Fujitsu MicroSPARC II CPU.

Ross/Fujitsu Hypersparc CPU.


    2.46.8  HP PA CPU (Precision Architecture)

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).

HP invested over $1,000,000,000 in this CPU and agreed with Intel to
co-operate in the development of a new 64 bit RISC CPU using this
architecture.


    2.47  Motorola CPU

In this section the Motorola CPU series, used in the Apple Macintosh personal
computers and the Commodore Amiga home computers are described.

Bit numbering: small endian.
Byte numbering: big endian.


    2.47.1  Motorola MC6800 CPU

8 bit data bus.
16 bit address bus.

1 MHz.
2 MHz.

1976.


    2.47.2  Motorola MC6802 CPU

Motorola MC6800 CPU with extra features: 256 byte scratch pad at location 0,
                                         internal clock oscillator.

Hitachi 6802W CPU: Motorola MC6802 CPU.


    2.47.3  Motorola MC68HC11 CPU

Motorola MC6802 CPU with extra features: some 16 bit instructions,
                                         on-board peripherals.


    2.47.4  Motorola MC6809 CPU

Optimized for high level languages.

Motorola MC6809E CPU: external clock input for external sync.


    2.47.5  Motorola MC68000 CPU

16 bit data bus.
24 bit address bus.

1979.

Used in Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, Apple Lisa, Macintosh.


    2.47.6  Motorola MC68008 CPU

8 bit data bus.
20 bit address bus.

Motorola MC68000 CPU instruction compatible.
Same core as Motorola MC68000 CPU.


    2.47.7  Motorola MC68302 CPU

Integrated Multi-Protocol CPU.
Motorola MC68000/MC68008 CPU core.

System Integration Block: independent DMA,
                          on-chip 1152 byte DPRAM,
                          3 timers including watchdog,
                          on-chip clock generator with output,
                          low power stand-by modes,
                          4 programmmable chip selects,
                          programmable address mapping,
                          parallel I/O ports with interrupt capability,
                          interrupt controller,
                          bus arbitration logic.
Communications proccessor: RISC processor (Reduced Instruction Set Computer),
                           3 independent full duplex SCCs, supporting
                               HDLC/SDLC, UART, BISYNC, DDCMP,
                               V.110 rate adaption, transfer mode protocols,
                           supporting user configureable protocols using
                               microcode,
                           6 serial DMA channels,
                           Flexible Physical Interface, using IDL, GCI, PCM,
                               NMSI,
                           SCP for synchronous communications,
                           2 serial management controllers to support GCI and
                               IDL.

16.667 MHz.


    2.47.8  Motorola MC68010 CPU

Motorola MC68000 CPU upward instruction compatible: more instructions,
more instructions with restart capabilities after interrupts.
Motorola MC68000 CPU pin compatible.


    2.47.9  Motorola MC68340 microprocessor

Embedded version of Motorola MC68010 CPU.

Included features: 2 DMA channels,
                   2 serial I/O channels,
                   2 multiple mode 16 bit timers,
                   4 programmable chip select signals,
                   system failure protection.

16.78 MHz: 5 V.

Package: 144 pin CQFP (Ceramic Quad Flat Package),
         145 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).


    2.47.10  Motorola MC68020 CPU

Motorola MC6800 CPU / Motorola MC68010 CPU instruction compatible.
Modes: user mode, supervisor mode.

32 bit data bus.
32 bit address bus.

256 byte instruction cache.

MMU (Memory Management Unit): Motorola MC68851 Paged MMU.

NPX: Motorola MC68881 NPX,
     Motorola MC68882 NPX.

16.67 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33.33 MHz.

Motorola MC68020RC CPU.
Motorola MC68020RL CPU.
Motorola MC68020RP CPU.
Motorola MC68020FC CPU.
Motorola MC68020FE CPU.

1982.

Used in Apple Macintosh.


    2.47.11  Motorola MC68030 CPU

MMU (Memory Management Unit), 16 kbyte burst mode.

256 byte instruction cache, 256 byte data cache (Harvard architecture).

25 MHz.

Motorola MC68030RC CPU.
Motorola MC68030RL CPU.
Motorola MC68030RP CPU.
Motorola MC69030FE CPU.

NPX: Motorola MC68881 NPX.

Used in NeXT.


    2.47.12  Motorola MC68040 CPU

MMU (Memory Management Unit), FPU (Floating Point Unit), pipelined,
clock doubled.

4 kbyte instruction cache, 4 kbyte data cache (Harvard Architecture).

33 MHz.

Used in NeXT.


    2.47.13  Motorola MC68LC040 CPU

Motorola MC68040 CPU without FPU (Floating Point Unit).


    2.47.14  Motorola MC68040V CPU

Low power version of the Motorola MC68040 CPU, no FPU (Floating Point Unit).

Used in Apple Powerbook.


    2.47.15  Motorola MC68050 CPU

Never released.


    2.47.16  Motorola MC68060 CPU

32 bit data bus.
32 bit address bus.

Enhanced FPU (Floating Point Unit).

Power management.

8 kbyte instruction cache, 8 kbyte data cache (Harvard architecture).
Cache line bursts.

3.3 V.

Superscalar.
Branch Target Buffer (BTB).





    3  NPX (Numerical Processor eXtension)

    3.1 Introduction


    3.2  Intel i8087 NPX

NPX for Intel i8086 CPU, Intel i8088 CPU, Intel i80186 CPU, Intel i80188 CPU.

5 MHz (8087-3).
8 MHz (8087-2), HMOS.
10 MHz (8087-1): 2400 mW.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

Technology: NMOS.


    3.3  Intel i80287 NPX

NPX for Intel i80286 CPU, Intel i80386 CPU.

1983.

6 MHz.
8 MHz.
10 MHz: 2400 mW.
Intel i80287-fast10: 10 MHz, asynchronous.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package).

Technology: NMOS.


    3.4  AMD Am80287 NPX

    3.4.1  AMD Am80C287 NPX

Intel i80287 NPX instruction/pin compatible.
Intel i80287 NPX core/microcode.

1989.

10 MHz.
12 MHz.
16 MHz.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package),
         40 pin plastic DIP (Dual In-line Package),
         44 pin PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).

Technology: CMOS.


    3.4.2  AMD Am80EC287 NPX

AMD Am80C287 NPX with power management.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.5  Cyrix Cx287 NPX

Intel i80287 NPX instruction/pin compatible.

8 MHz.
10 MHz.
12 MHz.
16 MHz.
20 MHz.


    3.6  Intel i80187 NPX

NPX for Intel i80C186 CPU.

Intel i80387 NPX core/microcode.
Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.

12.5 MHz: 1989, CMOS, 675 mW.
16 MHz: 1989, CMOS, 780 mW.
20 MHz: CMOS.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package),
         44 pin PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).

Dropped in 1991.


    3.7  Intel i80287XL NPX

NPX for Intel i80286 CPU, Intel i80386 CPU.

Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.
Intel i80387 NPX core/microcode.

Intel i80287 NPX pin compatible.

8 MHz.
10 MHz.
12.5 MHz: 1990, 675 mW.
16 MHz.
20 MHz.

Package: 40 pin CERDIP (CERamic Dual In-line Package),
         44 pin PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier) (Intel i80287XLT NPX).

Technology: CMOS.


    3.8  Cyrix FasMath Cx82S87 NPX

NPX for Intel i80286 CPU, Intel i80386 CPU.

Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.
Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX core/microcode (until November 1991)
Cyrix FasMath Cx387+ NPX core/microcode (from November 1991).

6 MHz: 1991.
8 MHz: 1991.
10 MHz: 1991.
12 MHz: 1991.
16 MHz: 1991.
20 MHz: 1991.

Package: 40 pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) (Intel i80287 NPX pin compatible),
         44 pin PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier) (Intel i80287XLT NPX pin
           compatible).

Static core.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.9  IIT IIT-2C87 NPX

NPX for Intel i80286 CPU, Intel i80386 CPU.

IIT IIT-3C87 NPX instruction compatible.
IIT IIT-3C87 NPX core/microcode.

Intel i80287 NPX pin compatible.

8 MHz.
10 MHz.
IIT IIT-2C87-10F NPX: 10 MHz, asynchronous.
12 MHz.
IIT IIT-2C87-12F NPX: 12 Mhz, asynchronous.
16 MHz.
20 MHz, 1989, 500 mW.
IIT IIT-2C87-20F NPX: 20 MHz, asynchronous.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.10  Intel i80387 NPX

    3.10.1  Intel i80387 NPX

NPX for Intel i80386/i80386DX CPU.

1986.

16 MHz: 750 mW.
20 MHz: 950 mW.
25 MHz: 1250 mW.
33 MHz.

Package: 68 pin, 2 row ceramic PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: 1.5 micron CHMOS III.


    3.10.2  Intel i80387DX NPX

NPX for Intel i80386/i80386DX CPU.
Enhanced Intel i80387 NPX.

1989.

16 MHz.
20 MHz: 525 mW.
25 MHz: 625 mW.
33 MHz: 750 mW.

Package: 68 pin, 2 row PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CHMOS IV.


    3.10.3  Intel i80387SX NPX

NPX for Intel i80386SX CPU.

Intel i80387 NPX core/microcode.

16 MHz: 740 mW.
20 MHz: 1000 mW.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Package: 68 pin PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier).


    3.10.4  Intel i80387SL Mobile NPX

NPX for Intel i80386SL CPU.

Intel i80387DX NPX core/microcode.
Extra features: cache controller,
                programmable memory controller,
                expanded memory support.
Static core.

Power management: SMM (System Management Mode).

1992.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CHMOS IV.


    3.10.5  Intel i80X87SL Mobile NPX

NPX for Intel i80386SX CPU.

Intel i80387DX NPX core/microcode.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.


    3.11  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700 NPX

    3.11.1  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700DX NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

Power Management.

16 MHz: 1991.
20 MHz: 1991.
25 MHz: 1991.
33 MHz: 1991.
40 MHz: 1991.

No longer available.

Technology: 1.2 micron CMOS.


    3.11.2  Chips & Technologies SuperMath 38700SX NPX

Intel i80387SX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

Power management.

16 MHz: 1991.
20 MHz: 1991.
25 MHz: 1991.

No longer available.


    3.12  Cyrix 80387 NPX

    3.12.1  Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

Power management.

Computations are executed faster than by Intel i80387DX NPX.

Later versions (from November 1991) correctly co-operate with first generation
Cyrix Cx486DLC CPUs, which were having synchronization problems, when
co-operating with a NPX.

1989.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz: 500 mW.
40 MHz: November 1991.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.12.2  Cyrix FasMath Cx387+ NPX

European name for Cyrix FasMath Cx83D87 NPX from November 1991.

40 MHz: November 1991.


    3.12.3  Cyrix FasMath EMC87 NPX

Also know as Cyrix AutoMath.

Cyrix Cx83D87 NPX with extra features: memory-mapped mode.

20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz: 2000 mW.
40 MHz.

Package: 121 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array) (121 pin EMC: Extended Math Coprocessor)

Technology: CMOS.


    3.12.4  Cyrix FasMath 83S87 NPX

Intel i80387SX NPX instruction/pin compatible.
Cyrix Cx387+ NPX core/microcode after November 1991

Power management.

Computations are executed faster than by Intel i80387SX NPX.

16 MHz.
20 MHz: 350 mW.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.12.5  Cyrix Cx387DX NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.12.6  Cyrix Cx387SX NPX

Intel i80387SX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.

    3.12.7  Cyrix Cx387 NPX announcements

Clock doubled NPXs.


    3.13  IIT IIT-3C87 NPX

NPX for Intel i80386 CPU.

Not fully Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.
Extra features.


    3.13.1  IIT IIT-3C87 NPX

NPX for Intel i80386/i80386DX CPU.

1989.

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz: 600 mW.

Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.13.2  IIT IIT-3C87SX NPX

16 MHz.
20 MHz.
25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz.

Intel i80387SX NPX pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.13.3  IIT IIT-XC87DLX2 NPX

Clock doubled version of the IIT IIT-3C87 NPX.

25/50 Mhz: March 1994.


    3.14  ULSI Math*Co 83C87 NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

1991.

20 MHz: 400 mW.
25 MHz: 500 mW.
33 MHz: 625 mW.
40 MHz: 750 mW.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.15  ULSI Math*Co 83S87 NPX

Intel i80387SX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

Power management.

16 MHz: 300 mW.
20 MHz: 350 mW.
25 MHz: 400 mW.


    3.16  Weitek Abacus 1167 NPX

NPX for Intel i80386DX CPU.

Not Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.

In fact a small PCB with three chips mounted on it.
Not Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.


    3.17  Weitek Abacus 3167 NPX

NPX for Intel i80386DX CPU, Intel i80486 CPU.

Not Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.

Not Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.
Package: 121 pin, 3 row PGA (Pin Grid Array) (EMC (Extended Math Coprocessor)
         socket).
Can be used together with Intel i80387DX NPX. If the motherboard has no apart
PGA for the Abacus, two NPXs can be used simultaniously by installing an
extra PCB, containing two PGAs, on the original PGA.

20 MHz.
25 MHz: 1750 mW.
33 MHz: 2250 mW.
40 MHz.


    3.18  RISE 80387 NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.


    3.19  Symphony Laboratories 80387 NPX

Intel i80387DX NPX instruction/pin compatible.

Sample chips.


    3.20  Cyrix Cx4C87DLC NPX

NPX for Cyrix Cx486DLC CPU.

25 MHz.
33 MHz.
40 MHz.

Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.21  IIT IIT-4C87 NPX

    3.21.1  IIT IIT-4C87DLC NPX

NPX for 486DLC CPU.

40 MHz.

Intel i80387DX NPX pin compatible.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.21.2  IIT IIT-4C87 NPX announcements

Clock doubled versions of IIT-4C87DLC NPX.


    3.22  Intel i80487 NPX

NPX for Intel i80486SX CPU.


    3.22.1  Intel i80487SX NPX

In fact an Intel i80486DX CPU with different pin layout (in Intel i80487SX NPX
socket) and one extra pin assigned to disable the Intel i80486SX CPU. The
Intel i80486SX CPU can be removed.

20 MHz: 3250 mW.
25 MHz.

Package: 169 pin PGA (Pin Grid Array).

Technology: CMOS.

ID: step level A0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x20 (model ID, revision),
    step level B0: DH = 0x04 (family ID), DL = 0x21 (model ID, revision).


    3.22.2  Intel i80487 NPX

In fact an Intel i80486DX CPU with Intel i80486SX CPU pin layout (in
Intel i80486SX CPU socket).

25 MHz.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.23  Cyrix Cx487S NPX

NPX for Cyrix FasCache Cx486D CPU.

Technology: CMOS.


    3.24  Weitek Abacus 4167 NPX

NPX for Intel i80486 CPU.

Not Intel i80387 NPX instruction compatible.

25 MHz: 2500 mW.
33 MHz.

Package: 142 pin, 3 row PGA (Pin Grid Array).




Credits: Marc E. Nijdam,
         Norbert Juffa (norbert@nexgen.com):
           Performance Comparison Intel 386DX, Intel RapidCAD, C&T 38600DX,
           Cyrix 486DLC (USENET News),
           Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Math Coprocessors
           (USENET News),
         George Wang (georgew@pacsg.csg.mot.com),
         Shark Yeuk-Hai Mok (yhmok@shark.mti.sgi.com),
         Wayne Schlitt (backbone!wayne@tower.tssi.com),
         Dmitry Stefankov (wizard@npi.msu.su),
         Alex V. Potemkin (avp@iron.misa.ac.ru),
         Rob Milstrey (rmilstre@pcocd2.intel.com),
         Martin Malik, RealSoft.


           

Compiled, Copyright 1993, 1994, 1995 by A. Offerman. Permission to use, copy
or distribute this document in a non-commercial way for non-commercial use is
hereby granted, provided that this copyright and permission notice appear in
all copies. All other rights reserved.

This document is provided "as is" without expressed or implied warranty.

The specific products and their respective manufacturers are not to be taken
as endorsements of, nor commercials for, the manufacturer.
-- 
******************************************************************************
*  A. Offerman    <offerman@einstein.et.tudelft.nl>                          *
*  Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Comp.Sc., Dept. of Electr.Eng.   *
*                                                                            *
*  Maintainer of the Personal Computer CHIPLIST:                             *
*    http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/chiplist.html                   *
*                                                                            *
*  Good writers borrow from others. Great writers, they steal.               *
******************************************************************************

